通用中文 | 盐酸托莫西汀胶囊 | 通用外文 | Atomoxetine caps |
品牌中文 | 择思达 | 品牌外文 | Strattera |
其他名称 | |||
公司 | 礼来(Lilly) | 产地 | 英国(UK) |
含量 | 10mg | 包装 | 28粒/盒 |
剂型给药 | 储存 | 室温 | |
适用范围 | 治疗儿童和青少年的注意缺陷/多动障碍(ADHD)。 |
通用中文 | 盐酸托莫西汀胶囊 |
通用外文 | Atomoxetine caps |
品牌中文 | 择思达 |
品牌外文 | Strattera |
其他名称 | |
公司 | 礼来(Lilly) |
产地 | 英国(UK) |
含量 | 10mg |
包装 | 28粒/盒 |
剂型给药 | |
储存 | 室温 |
适用范围 | 治疗儿童和青少年的注意缺陷/多动障碍(ADHD)。 |
【商品名】择思达
【通用名】盐酸托莫西汀胶囊
【英文名】AtomoxetinehydrochlorideCapsules
【成份】盐酸托莫西汀
【性状】本品为胶囊剂
【适应症】用于治疗儿童和青少年的注意缺陷/多动障碍(ADHD)。
【用法用量】
初始治疗:体重不足70公斤的儿童和青少年用量-开始时,盐酸托莫西汀的每日总剂量应约为0.5mg/kg,并且在3天的最低用量之后增加给药量,至每日总目标剂量,约为1.2mg/kg,可每日早晨单次服药或早晨和傍晚平均分为2次服用。剂量超过1.2mg/kg/日未显示额外的益处。对儿童和青少年,每日最大剂量不应超过1.4mg/kg或100mg,选其中较小的一个剂量。体重超过70公斤的儿童、青少年和成人用量-开始时,盐酸托莫西汀每日总剂量应为40mg,并且在3天的最低用量之后增加给药量,至每日总目标剂量,约为80mg,每日早晨单次服药或早晨和傍晚平均分为2次服用。在继续使用2-4周后,如仍未达到最佳疗效,每日总剂量最大可以增加到100mg,没有数据支持在更高剂量下会增加疗效。对体重超过70kg的儿童和青少年以及成人,每日最大推荐总剂量为100mg。
维持/长期治疗:还没有对照试验的资料提示ADHD患者应使用多长时间的盐酸托莫西汀。不过通常认为,ADHD可能需要长期的药物治疗。如果医生选择长期使用盐酸托莫西汀,应定期再评价长期治疗对患者的有效性。尚未系统评价单次服药剂量超过120mg或每日总剂量超过150mg的安全性。
肝功能损伤患者的剂量调节-伴肝功能不全(HI)的ADHD患者的剂量调节建议如下:中度HI患者(Child-PughClassB),初始和目标剂量应降至常规用量(对不伴HI的患者)的50%。重度HI患者(Child-PughClassC),初始和目标剂量应降至常规用量的25%(见药代动力学项下特殊人群)。与强CYP2D6抑制剂联合使用的剂量调节-服用强CYP2D6抑制剂如帕罗西汀、氟西汀、奎尼丁,且体重不足70公斤的儿童和青少年,盐酸托莫西汀的初始剂量应为0.5mg/kg/日;只有当4周后症状未见改善并且初始剂量有很好的耐受性时,才增加至通常的目标剂量1.2mg/kg/日。服用强CYP2D6抑制剂如帕罗西汀、氟西汀、奎尼丁,且体重超过70公斤的儿童、青少年和成年人,盐酸托莫西汀的初始剂量应为40mg/日,如果4周后症状未见改善并且初始剂量有很好的耐受性,仅可增加至通常的目标剂量80mg/日。停止治疗时,不需逐渐减量。
【药理作用】盐酸托莫西汀是一种选择性去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂。托莫西汀治疗注意缺陷/多动障碍(ADHD)的确切机制尚不清楚,但体外神经递质摄取和耗竭试验结果显示,可能与其选择性抑制突触前膜去甲肾上腺素转运体有关。
【毒理研究】
遗传毒性:盐酸托莫西汀Ames试验、小鼠淋巴瘤细胞体外试验、CHO细胞染色体畸变试验、大鼠肝细胞程序外DNA合成(UDS)试验、小鼠微核试验结果均为阴性,但CHO细胞二倍染色体百分率轻度升高,提示有核内复制(数目畸变)。代谢产物盐酸N-去甲基托莫西汀Ames试验、小鼠淋巴瘤试验和UDS试验结果均为阴性。
生殖毒性:大鼠掺食法给予盐酸托莫西汀,剂量达57mg/kg/天(按mg/m2推算,相当于人最高用量的6倍),未见对生育力的影响。
致癌作用:在大鼠和小鼠的饮食分别中加入依据时间-体重调节的平均剂量达47和458mg/kg/天,未见至癌性。按mg/m2推算,大鼠试验中的最高剂量约分别为在儿童和成人中最高用量的8和5倍,该剂量下大鼠AUC估测为人用最高剂量下AUC的1.8倍(强代谢)或0.2倍(弱代谢)。按mg/m2推算,小鼠试验中的最高剂量分别约为儿童和成人中最高用量的39和26倍。
【药代动力学】
口服托莫西汀后吸收良好,受食物的影响很小。它主要通过氧化代谢清除,包括细胞色素P4502D6(CYP2D6)酶途径和随后的葡萄糖醛酸化。托莫西汀的半衰期约为5小时。小部分为CYP2D6代谢的药物的弱代谢(PM)人群(大约7%的高加索人和2%的非洲籍美国人,中国人群CYP2D6代谢为PM的发生率约为1%)。与正常代谢人群[强代谢(EM)]相比,这群人的代谢行为减慢,表现为高10倍的AUC、高5倍的最大血浆浓度和较慢的清除率(血浆半衰期大约为24小时)。抑制CYP2D6的药物,如氟西汀、帕罗西汀和奎尼丁会引起同样的增高。
吸收和分布-口服托莫西汀后迅速吸收,在EM和PM的绝对生物利用度分别约为63%和94%。服用后,大约在1-2小时达到最大血浆浓度(Cmax)。盐酸托莫西汀可与食物同时或分开服用。对于成人,盐酸托莫西汀与标准的高脂肪饮食一起服用不影响托莫西汀的口服吸收程度(AUC),但确实减少吸收速率,使Cmax下降37%,Tmax延迟3小时。在临床研究中,儿童和青少年同时服用盐酸托莫西汀和食物,会使Cmax降低9%。静脉注射给药后,稳态分布容积为0.85L/kg,提示托莫西汀主要分布在全身体液中。校正体重后,同一体重范围内的患者分布容积相似。在治疗浓度血浆中,98%的托莫西汀与蛋白结合,主要与白蛋白结合。
代谢和清除-托莫西汀主要通过CYP2D6酶途径代谢。与正常代谢行为人群(EM)相比,在此途径的慢代谢人群(PM)中,会有较高的托莫西汀血浆浓度。与EM人群相比,在PM人群,托莫西汀的AUC大约高10倍、Css、Cmax约高5倍。实验室检查可以鉴别CYP2D6PM。盐酸托莫西汀与潜在的CYP2D6抑制剂联合使用,如氟西汀、帕罗西汀或奎尼丁会引起托莫西汀血浆浓度的实质性升高,有必要调节给药剂量(见药物相互作用)。托莫西汀对CYP2D6途径不抑制或削弱。
特殊人群:
肝功能不全者-与正常人群相比,伴中度(Child-PughClassB,2倍增高)和重度(Child-PughClassC,4倍增高)肝功能不全的EM患者,托莫西汀的暴露量(AUC)增高。建议对中度或重度肝功能不全的患者调整剂量(见[用法用量])。
肾功能不全者-与正常人群相比,患终末期肾脏疾病的EM患者,具有较高的托莫西汀暴露量(约增高65%),但根据体重对剂量校正后,与前者没有差异。因此,对终末期肾脏疾病的患者或严重程度稍低的肾功能不全的ADHD患者,可给予常规剂量的盐酸托莫西汀。
老年患者-托莫西汀还未在老年人群中进行药代动力学评价。
儿童-在儿童和青少年中,托莫西汀的药代动力学与成人相似。托莫西汀的药代动力学尚未在6岁以下的孩子中评价。
性别-性别不影响托莫西汀的分布。
种族-种族不影响托莫西汀的分布(除PM在高加索人中较普遍这一因素)。
【不良反应】主要有便秘、口干、恶心、失眠等。
【禁忌】
1、过敏:盐酸托莫西汀禁用于已知对托莫西汀或对该产品的其它成份过敏的患者(见警告)。
2、单胺氧化酶抑制剂(MAOI):盐酸托莫西汀不应与MAOI合用,或在停用MAOI两周内使用。同样,MAOI治疗不应在停用盐酸托莫西汀两周内开始。已有报道称,其它影响脑内单胺浓度的物与MAOI和用可引起严重的、有时会致命的反应(包括高热、强直、肌阵挛、自主神经系统功能不稳定,可能出现生命体征的快速波动,以及精神状态改变,包括可发展为谵妄和昏迷的极度激越)。有些病例表现出类似神经阻滞剂所致的恶性综合征的特点。这类反应可能在这些药物同时使用或清洗期过短时发生。
3、严重的心血管疾病:盐酸托莫西汀不应用于患有严重心血管疾病的患者,如果这些患者出现临床意义的血压升高或心率增加(如,血压增加15-20mmHg或心率增加20次/分钟),可能会使其病情恶化。
4、嗜铬细胞瘤:盐酸托莫西汀不应用于嗜铬细胞瘤或有嗜铬细胞瘤史的患者。
5、狭角型青光眼:在临床研究中,使用盐酸托莫西汀与增加瞳孔扩大的危险有关,因此,本品不推荐在患有狭角型青光眼的患者中使用。
【注意事项】
一般注意事项
对血压和心率的影响:因为盐酸托莫西汀可使血压和心率增高,因此,患高血压、心动过速或心血管或脑血管疾病的患者应注意。在治疗前、盐酸托莫西汀剂量增加时和治疗中应定期测量脉搏和血压。
在儿科安慰剂对照研究中,相对于安慰剂组,接受盐酸托莫西汀治疗的患者出现平均心率加快6次/分钟。在停药之前的最终研究观察中,相对于安慰剂组0.2%(2/850),2.5%(36/1434)(接受盐酸托莫西汀治疗的患者心率增快25次/分钟,心率至少为110次/分钟。1.1%(15/1417)接受盐酸托莫西汀治疗的儿科病例出现心率增快至少25次/分钟和心率至少一次为110次/分钟。相对于安慰剂组的0%(0/934),心动过速被认为是这些儿科患者的不良事件,发生率为0.3%(5/1597)。平均的心率增快在强代谢(EM)患者为5.0次/分种,在弱代谢(PM)患者中为9.4次/分钟。
与安慰剂组相比,接受盐酸托莫西汀治疗的儿科患者的收缩压和舒张压平均分别增高1.6和2.4mmHg。在停药之前的最终研究观察中,相对于安慰剂组的3.5%(26/748),4.8%(59/1226)接受盐酸托莫西汀的儿科患者具有高收缩压。相对于安慰剂组的1.1%(8/759),高收缩压在接受盐酸托莫西汀治疗的患者中有4.4%(54/1226)为2次或更多。在停药之前的最终研究观察中,相对于安慰剂组l.l%(8/759),接受盐酸托莫西汀治疗的儿科患者有4.0%(50/1262)出现高舒张压。出现2次或以上的高舒张压的,在安慰剂为0.5%(4/759),接受盐酸托莫西汀治疗的患者为3.5%(44/1262)。(高收缩压和舒张压值是依据超过95th美国国家高血压评价工作组关于在儿童和青少年中高血压控制中定义的按年龄、性别和身高百分率分层的百分率而定。)
在成人的对照研究中,相对于安慰剂组,接受盐酸托莫西汀治疗的患者心率平均增快5次/分钟。心动过速被认为是一种不良事件,在安慰剂组为0.5%(2/402),在托莫西汀治疗组为1.5%(8/540)
相对于安慰剂组,按受盐酸托莫西汀治疗的成人患者收缩压平均增高约2.OmmHg,舒张压平均增高约1.OmmHg。在停药之前的最终研究观察中,安慰剂组有1.00-10(4/393),接受盐酸托莫西汀治疗的患者中有2.2%(11/510)收缩压≥150mmHg;安慰剂组有0.5%(2/393),接受盐酸托莫西汀治疗的患者中有0.4%(2/510)舒张压≥100mmHg。没有发现成人患者有高收缩压或舒张压超过一次。在使用盐酸托莫西汀的患者中有出现直立性低血压和晕厥的报道。在儿童和青少年临床研究中,0.2%(12/5596)接受盐酸托莫西汀的患者出现直立性低血压,0.8%(46/5596)接受盐酸托莫西汀的患者出现晕厥。在短期儿童和青少年对照研究中,相对于安慰剂组有0.5%(1/207),接受盐酸托莫西汀治疗的患者中有1.8%(6/340)出现体位性低血压症状。短期儿童和青少年安慰剂对照研究中未报道出现晕厥。使用盐酸托莫西汀应注意可能使患者出现低血压。
对排尿的影响:在成人ADHD对照研究中,相对于安慰剂组的0%(0/402)和0.5%(2/402),接受托莫西汀治疗的患者中分别有1.7%(9/540)出现尿潴留,5.6%(30/540)出现排尿不畅。因为尿潴留有2成人患者退出托莫西汀对照研究,而安慰剂组没有。出现尿潴留和排尿不畅认为与托莫西汀有潜在的关联。
心血管作用:托莫西汀能够影响心率和血压。建议在开始治疗前测量心率和血压,并且在治疗期间定期检测可能具有临床意义的心率增加和血压升高。
许多服用盐酸托莫西汀的患者出现脉搏加款(平均<10次/分钟)和/或血压升高(平均<5mmHg)对于大多数患者,这改变不具有临床意义。然而,ADHD临床试验数据显示一些患者(大约5-10%的儿童和成年患者)出现具有临床意义的心率变化(20次/分钟或更多)或血压变化(15-20mmHg或更高)。血压升高或心率增加能够使病情恶化的患者应该慎用托莫西汀,如高血压、心动过速、心血管及脑血管疾病。盐酸托莫西汀不应用于患有严重心血管疾病的患者,如果这些患者出现临床意义的血压升高或心率增加。
另外,先天性长QT综合征、获得性长QT综合征(例如:伴随服用其它药物导致的QT间期延长)或QT延长家庭史的患者应慎用托莫西汀。因为直立性低血压也有报道。在可能引起患者低血压,或突然心率或血压改变时应小心使用。
对生长发育的影响:在几个开放试验中将受试者体重和身高的变化与标准值进行比较从而总结出盐酸托莫西汀胶囊对生长发育的长期影响。一般来说,在经过最初9-12个月的治疗之后,患者的体重和身高的增长落后于根据标准人群预计的值。当治疗达3年时,体重的增长开始回弹,平均增长17.9公斤,比根据基线数据的预计值高0.5公斤。身高方面,在经过最初的9-12个月的治疗之后,身高的增长趋于稳定,治疗达3年时,患者身高平均增长19.4厘米,比根据基线数据预计值低0.4厘米。
这种生长模式大致相同。与患者接受治疗时的发育程度无关。尚未进入青春期的儿童患者(女孩8岁以下,男孩9岁以下)接受治疗三年后体重平均增长2.1公斤,身高平均增长1.2厘米,低于预计值;已经处于青春期(女孩8-13岁,男孩9-14岁)或青春期后期(女孩13岁以上,男孩14岁以上)的儿童患者接受治疗三年后体重和身高的平均增长值接近或超过预计值。
对于快代谢和慢代谢的患者(EMs,PMs),生长发育的模式相似。接受治疗2年后,慢代谢患者的体重和身高分别比预计值少24公斤和1.1厘米,快代谢患者的体重和身高分别比预计值少0.2公斤和0.4厘米。
在短期对照试验中(9周以内),接受盐酸托莫西汀胶囊治疗的患者体重平均减少0.4公斤,身高平均增长0.9厘米,而接受安慰剂的患者体重平均增长1.5公斤,身高平均增长1.1厘米。在一项固定剂量对照试验中,对于对照组,0.5毫克/公斤/日剂量组,1.2毫克/公斤/日剂量组和1.8毫克/公斤/日剂量组,分别各有13%,7.1%,19.3%和29.1%的患者体重减少3.5%。
在盐酸托莫西汀胶囊的治疗过程中必须对患者的生长发育进行监测。
攻击行为或敌意:在儿童和青少年的ADHD患者中容易观察到攻击行为或敌意,并且已经在临床试验和上市后旨在治疗ADHD的一些用药经历中有所报道。尽管尚没有明确的证据显示盐酸托莫西汀会导致攻击行为或敌意,但在儿童和青少年的临床试验中,与安慰剂相比,用盐酸托莫西汀后产生攻击行为或敌意的发生率较大(总的风险比是1.33—没有统计学差异)。应注意监察ADHD患者接受治疗后其攻击行为或敌意是否恶化。
特殊人群:在患有慢性抽动或Tourettes综合症的儿童ADHD患者中进行的一项对照研究中,相比安慰剂组,盐酸托莫西汀治疗组患者的抽动未恶化。在患有抑郁症的青少年ADHD患者中进行的一项对照研究中,相比安慰剂组,盐酸托莫西汀治疗组患者的抑郁症未恶化。在患有焦虑障碍的ADHD患者(一项为儿童患者,另一项为成人患者)中进行的两项对照试验中,相比安慰剂组,盐酸托莫西汀治疗组患者的焦虑障碍未恶化。上市后很少有焦虑和抑郁症或抑郁情绪的报告,极少有抽动的报告(见【不良反应】)。
患者须知
医生或其他医疗保健专业人员应该把有关使用盐酸托莫西汀胶囊治疗的利益和风险告知患者以及他们的家属和护理人员,同时应该对药物的适当使用提供咨询。患者开始接受盐酸托莫西汀进行治疗和续处方时应该在医务人员指导下阅读患者须知。如果在使用盐酸托莫西汀胶囊治疗过程中发生以下问题,医生应该对患者给予建议并引起警惕。
自杀的风险:应该鼓励患者,患者家属和护理人员警惕以下症状的出现:焦虑、激越、惊恐发作、失眠,易激惹、敌意、攻击行为、冲动、静坐不能(精神运动性不安)、轻躁狂、躁狂、其他异常的行为改变、抑郁以及自杀观念,特别是在盐酸托莫西汀胶囊治疗的初期以及剂量调整的阶段。建议患者家属和护理人员每天都对这些症状的出现进行观察,这是由于症状的改变可能是突然发作的。这些症状应该向患者的医生或医疗保健专业人员进行报告,特别是当这些症状很严重,突然发作,或不属于患者目前症状的一部分时。这些症状可能与自杀念头和行为有关,并表明需要对患者进行非常密切的监控以及药物治疗的改变。
患者在开始接受盐酸托莫西汀进行治疗时应该被告知在极少数情况下可能发生肝功能障碍。应建议患者在出现瘙痒,黑尿,黄疸,右上区压痛或无法解释的“流感样”症状时立即联系主治医生。
患者应被告知在注意到攻击或敌意增加时应立即通知主治医生。
盐酸托莫西汀胶囊不应被打开。如果胶囊的内容物与眼睛接触,立即用水冲洗并咨询相关医学专业人士,手或受污染的体表应该尽快清洗。
如果患者正在服用或计划服用任何处方或非处方药物、膳食补充剂或草药,应向医生咨询。
如果患者在服用盐酸托莫西汀时正在哺乳,妊娠或考虑妊娠,应向医生咨询。
盐酸托莫西汀可与食物同服或单独服用。
如果患者漏服一次,应尽快补服;但在24小时内,用量不应超过盐酸托莫西汀全天的处方量。
患者需小心驾驶汽车或操作危险的机器,直到能充分肯定操作能力不受托莫西汀影响。
实验室检查
不需要常规实验室检查。
CYP2D6代谢:服用盐酸托莫西汀后,相对于CYP2D6强代谢(EM)者,弱代谢(PM)者的AUC会高10倍,最大血浆浓度会高5倍。大约7%的高加索人为PM。实验室检查能够鉴定CYP2D6PM。在PM的血浆水平与给予CYP2D6强抑制剂后相近。在PM中高的血浆水平会导致服用盐酸托莫西汀后的不良反应率较高(见【不良反应】)。
【警告】
自杀观念:在患有注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)的儿童或青少年中进行的短期研究发现,盐酸托莫西汀胶囊的使用增加了产生自杀观念的风险。在儿童和青少年中进行的关于盐酸托莫西汀胶囊短期的(6-18周),安慰剂对照的临床试验联合分析显示:那些接受盐酸托莫西汀胶囊治疗的患者在治疗的早期具有更高的产生自杀观念的风险。12项试验(关于ADHD的11项试验和遗尿症的1项试验)共计包括2200名患者(包括1357名接受盐酸托莫西汀胶囊治疗的患者,和851名接受安慰剂治疗的患者)。在接受盐酸托莫西汀胶囊治疗的患者中,其产生自杀观念的平均风险为0.4%(5/1357患者),而使用安慰剂治疗的患者没有这一风险。在这些约2200名患者中,有1名使用盐酸托莫西汀胶囊的患者出现自杀企图。但在所有的试验中没有自杀事件的发生。所有的事件均发生在12岁及以下的儿童中。所有的事件均发生在治疗的第1个月内。在儿科患者中产生自杀观念风险的结论是否可以推广到长期研究中还不清楚。一个相似的分析在使用盐酸托莫西汀胶囊治疗ADHD或严重的抑郁性障碍(MDD)患者中进行,并没有发现与盐酸托莫西汀胶囊使用相关的产生自杀观念或行为风险的增加。
所有使用盐酸托莫西汀胶囊治疗的儿科患者应该对其自杀倾向,临床症状的恶化以及异常的行为改变进行密切监控,特别是在药物治疗的最初阶段,或在剂量改变的治疗阶段。监控通常包括在治疗的最初4周内,与患者或其家庭成员或护理人员进行每周一次的面对面的联系,随后的4周每周1次的随访,以及第12周和12周以上有临床指征时进行随访。通过电话进行的联系可以在面对面随访之间开展。
使用盐酸托莫西汀胶囊治疗后的症状包括:焦虑,激越,惊恐发作,失眠,易激惹,敌意,攻击行为,冲动,静坐不能(精神运动性不安),轻躁狂和躁狂。尽管这些症状的出现与自杀冲动出现之间没有因果的关系,但这些症状可能代表了自杀倾向出现的先兆,因此,应该对使用盐酸托莫西汀胶囊治疗的患者出现这些症状进行观察。
当治疗过程中出现变化时,应该给予关注。治疗变化包括:患者出现自杀倾向或出现可能的自杀倾向的先兆,特别是如果这些症状很严重或突然发作,或不属于患者现有症状的一部分时,可能需停止药物的使用。
接受盐酸托莫西汀胶囊治疗的儿科患者的家庭成员和护理人员应该警惕患者出现激越,易激惹,异常的行为改变,以及其他如上描述的症状和自杀倾向的出现时对患者实施监控,并立即向医疗服务提供者报告这些症状。
对双相情感障碍患者的筛查:通常,应该给予治疗ADHD并伴有双相情感障碍的患者特别关注,这是因为对于具有双相情感障碍危险的患者在治疗时可能会诱发混合型发作或躁狂发作。对于以上描述的任何一种症状是否表示这种转变还不得而知。然而,在开始接受盐酸托莫西汀胶囊治疗前,应该对伴随有抑郁症状的患者进行充分的筛查以确定患者是否具有发生双相情感障碍的风险。筛查包括:详细的精神病史,包括自杀,双相情感障碍和抑郁的家族史。
严重肝脏损伤:上市后报告显示,盐酸托莫西汀在极个别的情况下能导致严重肝功能受损。尽管在有大约6000名患者参加的临床试验中并没有观察到发生肝功能受损的病例,但上市后最初2年大约200万患者的临床应用中报道有2例发生无明显原因的肝酶和胆红素升高。其中1名患者出现以肝酶升高(达到40倍正常值上限)和黄疸(胆红素达12倍正常值上限)为显著特征的肝损,再次给药后发生相似情况,停药后的随访期内恢复正常,从而表明为盐酸托莫西汀所致。这样的反应可能在开始治疗后几个月出现,但实验室指标可能在停药后数周内显示持续恶化。由于可能存在“报道不足”的问题,对于此类事件的发生率很难有精确的估计。上述患者的肝功能均已恢复,没有进行肝移植。然而对于少数患者,药物所致的严重肝功能受损可能发展成急性肝功能衰竭,从而导致死亡或需要接受肝移植。
在患者出现黄疸或其实验室检查结果显示肝功能受损时应停止给予盐酸托莫西汀,并不要重新用药。当患者出现肝功能障碍的最初症状和体症(如:瘙痒,黑尿,黄疸,右上腹压痛或难以解释的“流感样”症状)时应对其进行实验室检查以确定肝酶值(参见[用药须知])。
过敏事件:在服用盐酸托莫西汀的患者中,偶有报告过敏反应,包括血管神经性水肿、荨麻疹和皮疹。
【孕妇及哺乳期妇女用药】
妊娠:没有充分的和规范的对照研究在孕妇中进行。盐酸托莫西汀不应在妊娠期使用,除非潜在的对于胎儿的利益大于潜在的危险性。
大鼠的分娩不受托莫西汀影响。目前尚不清楚盐酸托莫西汀对人类分娩的影响。
托莫西汀和/或其代谢产物在大鼠的乳汁中排泌。目前尚不清楚托莫西汀是否在人类的乳汁中排泌。哺乳期母亲应慎用盐酸托莫西汀。
【儿童用药】 任何人考虑在儿童或青少年中使用盐酸托莫西汀胶囊,必须对其使用的风险和临床的需要进行权衡(参见关于自杀观念的警告项以及各种警告)。
盐酸托莫西汀对年龄小于6岁的儿科患者的安全性和疗效尚未确定。尚未对盐酸托莫西汀治疗9周以上的疗效和1年以上的安全性进行系统评价。
在年轻大鼠中进行了托莫西汀对成长、神经行为和性发育影响的评价研究。管饲法,从大鼠出生后早期(10天大)贯穿至成年,给予托莫西汀1、10和50mg/kg/日(以mg/m2)为单位计算,分别约为人最高剂量的0.2,2和8倍)。观察到,阴道不闭合(所有剂量)、和包皮分离(10和50mg/kg)的轻度延迟,附睾重量和精子数轻度减少(10和50mg/kg)和黄体的轻度减少(50mg/kg)但不影响生育力和生殖行为。在50mg/kg组出现切牙长出的轻度延迟。在15天大(雄性10和50mg/kg,雌性50mg/kg)和30天大(雌性50mg/kg)出现运动活力的轻度增强,但在60天大没有观察到。对学习和记忆试验没有影响。这些发现对人类的意义还不知道。
【老年用药】盐酸托莫西汀在老年患者中的安全性和疗效尚未确定。
【药物相互作用】
CYP2D6活性和托莫西汀血浆浓度:托莫西汀主要通过CYP2D6途径代谢为4-羟基托莫西汀。在EM中,CYP2D6抑制剂增高托莫西汀稳悉浓度,使与在PM的表现相近。在EM中,当联合使用CYP2D6抑制剂,如帕罗西汀、氟西汀和奎尼丁时,有必要调节盐酸托莫西汀的剂量(见【注意事项】下物相互作用)。在体外研究中显示,在PM中联合使用细胞色素P450抑制剂不会提高托莫西汀的血浆浓度。
托莫西汀对P450酶的影响:托莫西汀不会产生具有临床意义的对P450酶的抑制或削弱,包括CYPIA2、CYP3A、CYP2D6和CYP2C9。
舒喘灵:舒喘灵(600mcg静脉注射2小时以上)降低心率的增快和血压。托莫西汀(60mg每日二次服用5天)可加强这些作用,在联合使用舒喘灵和托莫西汀的初期最明显(见【注意事项】下药物相互作用)。
乙醇:同时使用盐酸托莫西江和乙醇,并不改变乙醇的兴奋作用。
去甲丙咪嗪:联合使用托莫西汀(40或60mg每日二次服用13天)和去甲丙咪嗪(一种典型的被CYP2D6代谢的药物,单剂量50mg),不改变去甲丙咪嗪药代动力学。对于经CYP2D6代谢的药物,没有剂量调节的建议。
哌甲酯:与单独服用哌甲酯相比,盐酸托莫西汀与哌甲酯合用并不增加对心血管的影响。
咪唑安定:联合使用盐酸托莫西汀(60mgBID服用12天)和咪唑安定(一种典型的被CYP3A4代谢的药物),单剂量50mg结果显示:咪唑安定的AUC有l5%的增高。对于通过CYP3A代谢的药物没有剂量调节的建议。
高血浆蛋白结合率的药物:在体外研究中,进行了托莫西汀和高血浆蛋白结合率药物在治疗浓度下的药物置换研究。托莫西汀不影响华法林、乙酰水杨酸、苯妥英钠或安定与人白蛋白的结合。同样,这些化合物也不影响托莫西汀与人白蛋白的结合。
影响胃液pH值的药物:升高胃液pH值的药物(氢氧化镁/氢氧化铝、奥美拉唑)不影响盐酸托莫西汀的生物利用度。
【药物过量】上市后有报道短期和长期过量服用盐酸托莫西汀,没有报道仅因为过量服用盐酸托莫西汀导致死亡的病例,短期或长期过量服用盐酸托莫西汀的常见症状是嗜睡,激越,活动过度,行为异常和胃肠道系统症状。与交感神经系统相关的轻度至中度症状和体征(如:散瞳,心动过速,口干)也有报道。_所有的患者均康复。一些与盐酸托莫西汀有关的过量服药病例中有报告出现癫痫发作。也有急性过量服药致死的报告中混合服用了盐酸托莫西汀和至少一种其它药物,临床试验中盐酸托莫西汀服用过量的例子有限,没有因此造成死亡的病例报道。
药物过量的处理:保证周围通风;用适当的指征显示及其他支持措施监测心脏和生命体征。服药过量后短时间内建议洗胃。使用活性炭可以限制药物吸收。由于托莫西汀蛋白结合率高,所以如用透析来处理药物过量没有很大用处。
【储存】室温保存(15至30℃)。
【有效期】36个月
【生产厂家】美国Lilly del Caribe.Inc.
Generic Name: atomoxetine hydrochloride
Dosage Form: capsule
WARNING: SUICIDAL IDEATION IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
Strattera (atomoxetine) increased the risk of suicidal ideation in short-term studies in children or adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Anyone considering the use of Strattera in a child or adolescent must balance this risk with the clinical need. Co-morbidities occurring with ADHD may be associated with an increase in the risk of suicidal ideation and/or behavior. Patients who are started on therapy should be monitored closely for suicidality (suicidal thinking and behavior), clinical worsening, or unusual changes in behavior. Families and caregivers should be advised of the need for close observation and communication with the prescriber. Strattera is approved for ADHD in pediatric and adult patients. Strattera is not approved for major depressive disorder.
Pooled analyses of short-term (6 to 18 weeks) placebo-controlled trials of Strattera in children and adolescents (a total of 12 trials involving over 2200 patients, including 11 trials in ADHD and 1 trial in enuresis) have revealed a greater risk of suicidal ideation early during treatment in those receiving Strattera compared to placebo. The average risk of suicidal ideation in patients receiving Strattera was 0.4% (5/1357 patients), compared to none in placebo-treated patients (851 patients). No suicides occurred in these trials [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].
Strattera is indicated for the treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
The efficacy of Strattera Capsules was established in seven clinical trials in outpatients with ADHD: four 6 to 9-week trials in pediatric patients (ages 6 to 18), two 10-week trial in adults, and one maintenance trial in pediatrics (ages 6 to 15) [see Clinical Studies (14)].
A diagnosis of ADHD (DSM-IV) implies the presence of hyperactive-impulsive or inattentive symptoms that cause impairment and that were present before age 7 years. The symptoms must be persistent, must be more severe than is typically observed in individuals at a comparable level of development, must cause clinically significant impairment, e.g., in social, academic, or occupational functioning, and must be present in 2 or more settings, e.g., school (or work) and at home. The symptoms must not be better accounted for by another mental disorder.
The specific etiology of ADHD is unknown, and there is no single diagnostic test. Adequate diagnosis requires the use not only of medical but also of special psychological, educational, and social resources. Learning may or may not be impaired. The diagnosis must be based upon a complete history and evaluation of the patient and not solely on the presence of the required number of DSM-IV characteristics.
For the Inattentive Type, at least 6 of the following symptoms must have persisted for at least 6 months: lack of attention to details/careless mistakes, lack of sustained attention, poor listener, failure to follow through on tasks, poor organization, avoids tasks requiring sustained mental effort, loses things, easily distracted, forgetful. For the Hyperactive-Impulsive Type, at least 6 of the following symptoms must have persisted for at least 6 months: fidgeting/squirming, leaving seat, inappropriate running/climbing, difficulty with quiet activities, “on the go,” excessive talking, blurting answers, can't wait turn, intrusive. For a Combined Type diagnosis, both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive criteria must be met.
Strattera is indicated as an integral part of a total treatment program for ADHD that may include other measures (psychological, educational, social) for patients with this syndrome. Drug treatment may not be indicated for all patients with this syndrome. Drug treatment is not intended for use in the patient who exhibits symptoms secondary to environmental factors and/or other primary psychiatric disorders, including psychosis. Appropriate educational placement is essential in children and adolescents with this diagnosis and psychosocial intervention is often helpful. When remedial measures alone are insufficient, the decision to prescribe drug treatment medication will depend upon the physician's assessment of the chronicity and severity of the patient's symptoms.
Dosing of children and adolescents up to 70 kg body weight — Strattera should be initiated at a total daily dose of approximately 0.5 mg/kg and increased after a minimum of 3 days to a target total daily dose of approximately 1.2 mg/kg administered either as a single daily dose in the morning or as evenly divided doses in the morning and late afternoon/early evening. No additional benefit has been demonstrated for doses higher than 1.2 mg/kg/day [see Clinical Studies (14)].
The total daily dose in children and adolescents should not exceed 1.4 mg/kg or 100 mg, whichever is less.
Dosing of children and adolescents over 70 kg body weight and adults — Strattera should be initiated at a total daily dose of 40 mg and increased after a minimum of 3 days to a target total daily dose of approximately 80 mg administered either as a single daily dose in the morning or as evenly divided doses in the morning and late afternoon/early evening. After 2 to 4 additional weeks, the dose may be increased to a maximum of 100 mg in patients who have not achieved an optimal response. There are no data that support increased effectiveness at higher doses [see Clinical Studies (14)].
The maximum recommended total daily dose in children and adolescents over 70 kg and adults is 100 mg.
It is generally agreed that pharmacological treatment of ADHD may be needed for extended periods. The benefit of maintaining pediatric patients (ages 6-15 years) with ADHD on Strattera after achieving a response in a dose range of 1.2 to 1.8 mg/kg/day was demonstrated in a controlled trial. Patients assigned to Strattera in the maintenance phase were generally continued on the same dose used to achieve a response in the open label phase. The physician who elects to use Strattera for extended periods should periodically reevaluate the long-term usefulness of the drug for the individual patient [see Clinical Studies (14.1)].
Strattera may be taken with or without food.
Strattera can be discontinued without being tapered.
Strattera capsules are not intended to be opened, they should be taken whole [see Patient Counseling Information (17.6)].
The safety of single doses over 120 mg and total daily doses above 150 mg have not been systematically evaluated.
Dosing adjustment for hepatically impaired patients — For those ADHD patients who have hepatic insufficiency (HI), dosage adjustment is recommended as follows: For patients with moderate HI (Child-Pugh Class B), initial and target doses should be reduced to 50% of the normal dose (for patients without HI). For patients with severe HI (Child-Pugh Class C), initial dose and target doses should be reduced to 25% of normal [see Use In Specific Populations (8.6)].
Dosing adjustment for use with a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor or in patients who are known to be CYP2D6 PMs — In children and adolescents up to 70 kg body weight administered strong CYP2D6 inhibitors, e.g., paroxetine, fluoxetine, and quinidine, or in patients who are known to be CYP2D6 PMs, Strattera should be initiated at 0.5 mg/kg/day and only increased to the usual target dose of 1.2 mg/kg/day if symptoms fail to improve after 4 weeks and the initial dose is well tolerated.
In children and adolescents over 70 kg body weight and adults administered strong CYP2D6 inhibitors, e.g., paroxetine, fluoxetine, and quinidine, Strattera should be initiated at 40 mg/day and only increased to the usual target dose of 80 mg/day if symptoms fail to improve after 4 weeks and the initial dose is well tolerated.
Each capsule contains atomoxetine HCl equivalent to 10 mg (Opaque White, Opaque White), 18 mg (Gold, Opaque White), 25 mg (Opaque Blue, Opaque White), 40 mg (Opaque Blue, Opaque Blue), 60 mg (Opaque Blue, Gold), 80 mg (Opaque Brown, Opaque White), or 100 mg (Opaque Brown, Opaque Brown) of atomoxetine.
Strattera is contraindicated in patients known to be hypersensitive to atomoxetine or other constituents of the product [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8)].
Strattera should not be taken with an MAOI, or within 2 weeks after discontinuing an MAOI. Treatment with an MAOI should not be initiated within 2 weeks after discontinuing Strattera. With other drugs that affect brain monoamine concentrations, there have been reports of serious, sometimes fatal reactions (including hyperthermia, rigidity, myoclonus, autonomic instability with possible rapid fluctuations of vital signs, and mental status changes that include extreme agitation progressing to delirium and coma) when taken in combination with an MAOI. Some cases presented with features resembling neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Such reactions may occur when these drugs are given concurrently or in close proximity [see Drug Interactions (7.1)].
In clinical trials, Strattera use was associated with an increased risk of mydriasis and therefore its use is not recommended in patients with narrow angle glaucoma.
Serious reactions, including elevated blood pressure and tachyarrhythmia, have been reported in patients with pheochromocytoma or a history of pheochromocytoma who received Strattera. Therefore, Strattera should not be taken by patients with pheochromocytoma or a history of pheochromocytoma.
Strattera should not be used in patients with severe cardiac or vascular disorders whose condition would be expected to deteriorate if they experience increases in blood pressure or heart rate that could be clinically important (for example, 15 to 20 mm Hg in blood pressure or 20 beats per minute in heart rate). [See Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].
Strattera increased the risk of suicidal ideation in short-term studies in children and adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Pooled analyses of short-term (6 to 18 weeks) placebo-controlled trials of Strattera in children and adolescents have revealed a greater risk of suicidal ideation early during treatment in those receiving Strattera. There were a total of 12 trials (11 in ADHD and 1 in enuresis) involving over 2200 patients (including 1357 patients receiving Strattera and 851 receiving placebo). The average risk of suicidal ideation in patients receiving Strattera was 0.4% (5/1357 patients), compared to none in placebo-treated patients. There was 1 suicide attempt among these approximately 2200 patients, occurring in a patient treated with Strattera. No suicides occurred in these trials. All reactions occurred in children 12 years of age or younger. All reactions occurred during the first month of treatment. It is unknown whether the risk of suicidal ideation in pediatric patients extends to longer-term use. A similar analysis in adult patients treated with Strattera for either ADHD or major depressive disorder (MDD) did not reveal an increased risk of suicidal ideation or behavior in association with the use of Strattera.
All pediatric patients being treated with Strattera should be monitored appropriately and observed closely for clinical worsening, suicidality, and unusual changes in behavior, especially during the initial few months of a course of drug therapy, or at times of dose changes, either increases or decreases.
The following symptoms have been reported with Strattera: anxiety, agitation, panic attacks, insomnia, irritability, hostility, aggressiveness, impulsivity, akathisia (psychomotor restlessness), hypomania and mania. Although a causal link between the emergence of such symptoms and the emergence of suicidal impulses has not been established, there is a concern that such symptoms may represent precursors to emerging suicidality. Thus, patients being treated with Strattera should be observed for the emergence of such symptoms.
Consideration should be given to changing the therapeutic regimen, including possibly discontinuing the medication, in patients who are experiencing emergent suicidality or symptoms that might be precursors to emerging suicidality, especially if these symptoms are severe or abrupt in onset, or were not part of the patient's presenting symptoms.
Families and caregivers of pediatric patients being treated with Strattera should be alerted about the need to monitor patients for the emergence of agitation, irritability, unusual changes in behavior, and the other symptoms described above, as well as the emergence of suicidality, and to report such symptoms immediately to healthcare providers. Such monitoring should include daily observation by families and caregivers.
Postmarketing reports indicate that Strattera can cause severe liver injury. Although no evidence of liver injury was detected in clinical trials of about 6000 patients, there have been rare cases of clinically significant liver injury that were considered probably or possibly related to Strattera use in postmarketing experience. Rare cases of liver failure have also been reported, including a case that resulted in a liver transplant. Because of probable underreporting, it is impossible to provide an accurate estimate of the true incidence of these reactions. Reported cases of liver injury occurred within 120 days of initiation of atomoxetine in the majority of cases and some patients presented with markedly elevated liver enzymes [>20 X upper limit of normal (ULN)], and jaundice with significantly elevated bilirubin levels (>2 X ULN), followed by recovery upon atomoxetine discontinuation. In one patient, liver injury, manifested by elevated hepatic enzymes up to 40 X ULN and jaundice with bilirubin up to 12 X ULN, recurred upon rechallenge, and was followed by recovery upon drug discontinuation, providing evidence that Strattera likely caused the liver injury. Such reactions may occur several months after therapy is started, but laboratory abnormalities may continue to worsen for several weeks after drug is stopped. The patient described above recovered from his liver injury, and did not require a liver transplant.
Strattera should be discontinued in patients with jaundice or laboratory evidence of liver injury, and should not be restarted. Laboratory testing to determine liver enzyme levels should be done upon the first symptom or sign of liver dysfunction (e.g., pruritus, dark urine, jaundice, right upper quadrant tenderness, or unexplained “flu like” symptoms) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.12); Patient Counseling Information (17.3)].
Sudden Death and Pre-existing Structural Cardiac Abnormalities or Other Serious Heart Problems
Children and Adolescents — Sudden death has been reported in association with atomoxetine treatment at usual doses in children and adolescents with structural cardiac abnormalities or other serious heart problems. Although some serious heart problems alone carry an increased risk of sudden death, atomoxetine generally should not be used in children or adolescents with known serious structural cardiac abnormalities, cardiomyopathy, serious heart rhythm abnormalities, or other serious cardiac problems that may place them at increased vulnerability to the noradrenergic effects of atomoxetine.
Adults — Sudden deaths, stroke, and myocardial infarction have been reported in adults taking atomoxetine at usual doses for ADHD. Although the role of atomoxetine in these adult cases is also unknown, adults have a greater likelihood than children of having serious structural cardiac abnormalities, cardiomyopathy, serious heart rhythm abnormalities, coronary artery disease, or other serious cardiac problems. Consideration should be given to not treating adults with clinically significant cardiac abnormalities.
Assessing Cardiovascular Status in Patients being Treated with Atomoxetine
Children, adolescents, or adults who are being considered for treatment with atomoxetine should have a careful history (including assessment for a family history of sudden death or ventricular arrhythmia) and physical exam to assess for the presence of cardiac disease, and should receive further cardiac evaluation if findings suggest such disease (e.g., electrocardiogram and echocardiogram). Patients who develop symptoms such as exertional chest pain, unexplained syncope, or other symptoms suggestive of cardiac disease during atomoxetine treatment should undergo a prompt cardiac evaluation.
Strattera should be used with caution in patients whose underlying medical conditions could be worsened by increases in blood pressure or heart rate such as certain patients with hypertension, tachycardia, or cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease. It should not be used in patients with severe cardiac or vascular disorders whose condition would be expected to deteriorate if they experienced clinically important increases in blood pressure or heart rate [see Contraindications (4.5)]. Pulse and blood pressure should be measured at baseline, following Strattera dose increases, and periodically while on therapy to detect possible clinically important increases.
The following table provides short-term, placebo-controlled clinical trial data for the proportions of patients having an increase in: diastolic blood pressure ≥15 mm Hg; systolic blood pressure ≥20 mm Hg; heart rate greater than or equal to 20 bpm, in both the pediatric and adult populations (see Table 1).
Table 1a |
||||||||
a Abbreviations: bpm=beats per minute; DBP=diastolic blood pressure; HR=heart rate; mm Hg=millimeters mercury; SBP=systolic blood pressure. b Proportion of patients meeting threshold at any one time during clinical trial. |
||||||||
|
Pediatric Acute |
Adult Acute |
||||||
|
Maximumb |
Endpoint |
Maximumb |
Endpoint |
||||
Atomoxetine |
Placebo |
Atomoxetine |
Placebo |
Atomoxetine |
Placebo |
Atomoxetine |
Placebo |
|
|
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
DBP |
21.5 |
14.1 |
9.3 |
4.8 |
12.6 |
8.7 |
4.8 |
3.5 |
SBP |
12.5 |
8.7 |
4.9 |
3.3 |
12.4 |
7.8 |
4.2 |
3.2 |
HR |
23.4 |
11.5 |
12.2 |
3.8 |
22.4 |
8.3 |
10.2 |
2.0 |
In placebo-controlled registration studies involving pediatric patients, tachycardia was identified as an adverse event for 0.3% (5/1597) of these Strattera patients compared with 0% (0/934) of placebo patients. The mean heart rate increase in extensive metabolizer (EM) patients was 5.0 beats/minute, and in poor metabolizer (PM) patients 9.4 beats/minute.
In adult clinical trials where EM/PM status was available, the mean heart rate increase in PM patients was significantly higher than in EM patients (11 beats/minute versus 7.5 beats/minute). The heart rate effects could be clinically important in some PM patients.
In placebo-controlled registration studies involving adult patients, tachycardia was identified as an adverse event for 1.5% (8/540) of Strattera patients compared with 0.5% (2/402) of placebo patients.
In adult clinical trials where EM/PM status was available, the mean change from baseline in diastolic blood pressure in PM patients was higher than in EM patients (4.21 versus 2.13 mm Hg) as was the mean change from baseline in systolic blood pressure (PM: 2.75 versus EM: 2.40 mm Hg). The blood pressure effects could be clinically important in some PM patients.
Orthostatic hypotension and syncope have been reported in patients taking Strattera. In child and adolescent registration studies, 0.2% (12/5596) of Strattera-treated patients experienced orthostatic hypotension and 0.8% (46/5596) experienced syncope. In short-term child and adolescent registration studies, 1.8% (6/340) of Strattera-treated patients experienced orthostatic hypotension compared with 0.5% (1/207) of placebo-treated patients. Syncope was not reported during short-term child and adolescent placebo-controlled ADHD registration studies. Strattera should be used with caution in any condition that may predispose patients to hypotension, or conditions associated with abrupt heart rate or blood pressure changes.
Treatment emergent psychotic or manic symptoms, e.g., hallucinations, delusional thinking, or mania in children and adolescents without a prior history of psychotic illness or mania can be caused by atomoxetine at usual doses. If such symptoms occur, consideration should be given to a possible causal role of atomoxetine, and discontinuation of treatment should be considered. In a pooled analysis of multiple short-term, placebo-controlled studies, such symptoms occurred in about 0.2% (4 patients with reactions out of 1939 exposed to atomoxetine for several weeks at usual doses) of atomoxetine-treated patients compared to 0 out of 1056 placebo-treated patients.
In general, particular care should be taken in treating ADHD in patients with comorbid bipolar disorder because of concern for possible induction of a mixed/manic episode in patients at risk for bipolar disorder. Whether any of the symptoms described above represent such a conversion is unknown. However, prior to initiating treatment with Strattera, patients with comorbid depressive symptoms should be adequately screened to determine if they are at risk for bipolar disorder; such screening should include a detailed psychiatric history, including a family history of suicide, bipolar disorder, and depression.
Patients beginning treatment for ADHD should be monitored for the appearance or worsening of aggressive behavior or hostility. Aggressive behavior or hostility is often observed in children and adolescents with ADHD. In pediatric short-term controlled clinical trials, 21/1308 (1.6%) of atomoxetine patients versus 9/806 (1.1%) of placebo-treated patients spontaneously reported treatment emergent hostility-related adverse events (overall risk ratio of 1.33 [95% C.I. 0.67-2.64 – not statistically significant]). In adult placebo-controlled clinical trials, 6/1697 (0.35%) of atomoxetine patients versus 4/1560 (0.26%) of placebo-treated patients spontaneously reported treatment emergent hostility-related adverse events (overall risk ratio of 1.38 [95% C.I. 0.39-4.88 – not statistically significant]). Although this is not conclusive evidence that Strattera causes aggressive behavior or hostility, these behaviors were more frequently observed in clinical trials among children, adolescents, and adults treated with Strattera compared to placebo.
Although uncommon, allergic reactions, including anaphylactic reactions, angioneurotic edema, urticaria, and rash, have been reported in patients taking Strattera.
In adult ADHD controlled trials, the rates of urinary retention (1.7%, 9/540) and urinary hesitation (5.6%, 30/540) were increased among atomoxetine subjects compared with placebo subjects (0%, 0/402 ; 0.5%, 2/402, respectively). Two adult atomoxetine subjects and no placebo subjects discontinued from controlled clinical trials because of urinary retention. A complaint of urinary retention or urinary hesitancy should be considered potentially related to atomoxetine.
Rare postmarketing cases of priapism, defined as painful and nonpainful penile erection lasting more than 4 hours, have been reported for pediatric and adult patients treated with Strattera. The erections resolved in cases in which follow-up information was available, some following discontinuation of Strattera. Prompt medical attention is required in the event of suspected priapism.
Data on the long-term effects of Strattera on growth come from open-label studies, and weight and height changes are compared to normative population data. In general, the weight and height gain of pediatric patients treated with Strattera lags behind that predicted by normative population data for about the first 9-12 months of treatment. Subsequently, weight gain rebounds and at about 3 years of treatment, patients treated with Strattera have gained 17.9 kg on average, 0.5 kg more than predicted by their baseline data. After about 12 months, gain in height stabilizes, and at 3 years, patients treated with Strattera have gained 19.4 cm on average, 0.4 cm less than predicted by their baseline data (seeFigure 1 below).
Figure 1: Mean Weight and Height Percentiles Over Time for Patients With Three Years of Strattera Treatment
This growth pattern was generally similar regardless of pubertal status at the time of treatment initiation. Patients who were pre-pubertal at the start of treatment (girls ≤8 years old, boys ≤9 years old) gained an average of 2.1 kg and 1.2 cm less than predicted after three years. Patients who were pubertal (girls >8 to ≤13 years old, boys >9 to ≤14 years old) or late pubertal (girls >13 years old, boys >14 years old) had average weight and height gains that were close to or exceeded those predicted after three years of treatment.
Growth followed a similar pattern in both extensive and poor metabolizers (EMs, PMs). PMs treated for at least two years gained an average of 2.4 kg and 1.1 cm less than predicted, whileEMsgained an average of 0.2 kg and 0.4 cm less than predicted.
In short-term controlled studies (up to 9 weeks), Strattera-treated patients lost an average of 0.4 kg and gained an average of 0.9 cm, compared to a gain of 1.5 kg and 1.1 cm in the placebo-treated patients. In a fixed-dose controlled trial, 1.3%, 7.1%, 19.3%, and 29.1% of patients lost at least 3.5% of their body weight in the placebo, 0.5, 1.2, and 1.8 mg/kg/day dose groups.
Growth should be monitored during treatment with Strattera.
Routine laboratory tests are not required.
CYP2D6 metabolism — Poor metabolizers (PMs) of CYP2D6 have a 10-fold higher AUC and a 5-fold higher peak concentration to a given dose of Strattera compared with extensive metabolizers (EMs). Approximately 7% of a Caucasian population are PMs. Laboratory tests are available to identify CYP2D6 PMs. The blood levels in PMs are similar to those attained by taking strong inhibitors of CYP2D6. The higher blood levels in PMs lead to a higher rate of some adverse effects of Strattera [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].
Atomoxetine is primarily metabolized by the CYP2D6 pathway to 4-hydroxyatomoxetine. Dosage adjustment of Strattera may be necessary when coadministered with potent CYP2D6 inhibitors (e.g., paroxetine, fluoxetine, and quinidine) or when administered to CYP2D6 PMs. [See Dosage and Administration (2.4) and Drug Interactions (7.2)].
Strattera was administered to 5382 children or adolescent patients with ADHD and 1007 adults with ADHD in clinical studies. During the ADHD clinical trials, 1625 children and adolescent patients were treated for longer than 1 year and 2529 children and adolescent patients were treated for over 6 months.
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
Child and Adolescent Clinical Trials
Reasons for discontinuation of treatment due to adverse reactions in child and adolescent clinical trials — In acute child and adolescent placebo-controlled trials, 3.0% (48/1613) of atomoxetine subjects and 1.4% (13/945) placebo subjects discontinued for adverse reactions. For all studies, (including open-label and long-term studies), 6.3% of extensive metabolizer (EM) patients and 11.2% of poor metabolizer (PM) patients discontinued because of an adverse reaction. Among Strattera-treated patients, irritability (0.3%, N=5); somnolence (0.3%, N=5); aggression (0.2%, N=4); nausea (0.2%, N=4); vomiting (0.2%, N=4); abdominal pain (0.2%, N=4); constipation (0.1%, N=2); fatigue (0.1%, N=2); feeling abnormal (0.1%, N=2); and headache (0.1%, N=2) were the reasons for discontinuation reported by more than 1 patient.
Seizures — Strattera has not been systematically evaluated in pediatric patients with seizure disorder as these patients were excluded from clinical studies during the product's premarket testing. In the clinical development program, seizures were reported in 0.2% (12/5073) of children whose average age was 10 years (range 6 to 16 years). In these clinical trials, the seizure risk among poor metabolizers was 0.3% (1/293) compared to 0.2% (11/4741) for extensive metabolizers.
Commonly observed adverse reactions in acute child and adolescent, placebo-controlled trials — Commonly observed adverse reactions associated with the use of Strattera (incidence of 2% or greater) and not observed at an equivalent incidence among placebo-treated patients (Strattera incidence greater than placebo) are listed in Table 2. Results were similar in the BID and the QD trial except as shown in Table 3, which shows both BID and QD results for selected adverse reactions based on statistically significant Breslow-Day tests. The most commonly observed adverse reactions in patients treated with Strattera (incidence of 5% or greater and at least twice the incidence in placebo patients, for either BID or QD dosing) were: nausea, vomiting, fatigue, decreased appetite, abdominal pain, and somnolence (see Tables 2 and 3).
Additional data from ADHD clinical trials (controlled and uncontrolled) has shown that approximately 5 to 10% of pediatric patients experienced potentially clinically important changes in heart rate (≥20 beats per min) or blood pressure (≥15 to 20 mm Hg) [see Contraindications (4) and Warnings and Precautions (5)].
Table 2: Common Treatment–Emergent Adverse Reactions Associated with the Use of Strattera in Acute (up to 18 weeks) Child and Adolescent Trials |
||||
a Reactions reported by at least 2% of patients treated with atomoxetine, and greater than placebo. The following reactions did not meet this criterion but were reported by more atomoxetine-treated patients than placebo-treated patients and are possibly related to atomoxetine treatment: blood pressure increased, early morning awakening (terminal insomnia), flushing, mydriasis, sinus tachycardia, asthenia, palpitations, mood swings, constipation, and dyspepsia. The following reactions were reported by at least 2% of patients treated with atomoxetine, and equal to or less than placebo: pharyngolaryngeal pain, insomnia (insomnia includes the terms, insomnia, initial insomnia, middle insomnia). The following reaction did not meet this criterion but shows a statistically significant dose relationship: pruritus. |
||||
b Abdominal pain includes the terms: abdominal pain upper, abdominal pain, stomach discomfort, abdominal discomfort, epigastric discomfort. |
||||
c Somnolence includes the terms: sedation, somnolence. |
||||
Adverse Reactiona |
Percentage of Patients Reporting Reaction |
|||
|
Strattera |
Placebo |
||
Gastrointestinal Disorders |
|
|
||
Abdominal painb |
18 |
10 |
||
Vomiting |
11 |
6 |
||
Nausea |
10 |
5 |
||
General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions |
|
|
||
Fatigue |
8 |
3 |
||
Irritability |
6 |
3 |
||
Therapeutic response unexpected |
2 |
1 |
||
Investigations |
|
|
||
Weight decreased |
3 |
0 |
||
Metabolism and Nutritional Disorders |
|
|
||
Decreased appetite |
16 |
4 |
||
Anorexia |
3 |
1 |
||
Nervous System Disorders |
|
|
||
Headache |
19 |
15 |
||
Somnolencec |
11 |
4 |
||
Dizziness |
5 |
2 |
||
Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders |
|
|
||
Rash |
2 |
1 |
||
Table 3: Common Treatment-Emergent Adverse Reactions Associated with the Use of Strattera in Acute (up to 18 weeks) Child and Adolescent Trials |
||||
a Abdominal pain includes the terms: abdominal pain upper, abdominal pain, stomach discomfort, abdominal discomfort, epigastric discomfort. |
||||
b Constipation didn't meet the statistical significance on Breslow-Day test but is included in the table because of pharmacologic plausibility. |
||||
c Mood swings didn't meet the statistical significance on Breslow-Day test at 0.05 level but p-value was <0.1 (trend). |
||||
Adverse Reaction |
Percentage of
Patients |
Percentage of
Patients |
||
|
Strattera |
Placebo |
Strattera |
Placebo |
Gastrointestinal Disorders |
|
|
|
|
Abdominal paina |
17 |
13 |
18 |
7 |
Vomiting |
11 |
8 |
11 |
4 |
Nausea |
7 |
6 |
13 |
4 |
Constipationb |
2 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
General Disorders |
|
|
|
|
Fatigue |
6 |
4 |
9 |
2 |
Psychiatric Disorders |
|
|
|
|
Mood swingsc |
2 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
The following adverse reactions occurred in at least 2% of child and adolescent CYP2D6 PM patients and were statistically significantly more frequent in PM patients compared with CYP2D6 EM patients: insomnia (11% of PMs, 6% of EMs); weight decreased (7% of PMs, 4% of EMs); constipation (7% of PMs, 4% of EMs); depression1 (7% of PMs, 4% of EMs); tremor (5% of PMs, 1% of EMs); excoriation (4% of PMs, 2% of EMs); middle insomnia (3% of PMs, 1% of EMs); conjunctivitis (3% of PMs, 1% of EMs); syncope (3% of PMs, 1% of EMs); early morning awakening (2% of PMs, 1% of EMs); mydriasis (2% of PMs, 1% of EMs); sedation (4% of PMs, 2% of EMs).
1Depression includes the following terms: depression, major depression, depressive symptoms, depressed mood, dysphoria.
Adult Clinical Trials
Reasons for discontinuation of treatment due to adverse reactions in acute adult placebo-controlled trials — In the acute adult placebo-controlled trials, 11.3% (61/541) atomoxetine subjects and 3.0% (12/405) placebo subjects discontinued for adverse reactions. Among Strattera-treated patients, insomnia (0.9%, N=5); nausea (0.9%, N=5); chest pain (0.6%, N=3); fatigue (0.6%, N=3); anxiety (0.4%, N=2); erectile dysfunction (0.4%, N=2); mood swings (0.4%, N=2); nervousness (0.4%, N=2); palpitations (0.4%, N=2); and urinary retention (0.4%, N=2) were the reasons for discontinuation reported by more than 1 patient.
Seizures — Strattera has not been systematically evaluated in adult patients with a seizure disorder as these patients were excluded from clinical studies during the product's premarket testing. In the clinical development program, seizures were reported on 0.1% (1/748) of adult patients. In these clinical trials, no poor metabolizers (0/43) reported seizures compared to 0.1% (1/705) for extensive metabolizers.
Commonly observed adverse reactions in acute adult placebo-controlled trials — Commonly observed adverse reactions associated with the use of Strattera (incidence of 2% or greater) and not observed at an equivalent incidence among placebo-treated patients (Strattera incidence greater than placebo) are listed in Table 4. The most commonly observed adverse reactions in patients treated with Strattera (incidence of 5% or greater and at least twice the incidence in placebo patients) were: constipation, dry mouth, nausea, decreased appetite, dizziness, erectile dysfunction, and urinary hesitation (see Table 4).
Additional data from ADHD clinical trials (controlled and uncontrolled) has shown that approximately 5 to 10% of adult patients experienced potentially clinically important changes in heart rate (≥20 beats per min) or blood pressure (≥15 to 20 mm Hg) [see Contraindications (4) and Warnings and Precautions (5)].
Table 4: Common Treatment-Emergent Adverse Reactions Associated with the Use of Strattera in Acute (up to 25 weeks) Adult Trials |
||
a Reactions reported by at least 2% of patients treated with atomoxetine, and greater than placebo. The following reactions did not meet this criterion but were reported by more atomoxetine-treated patients than placebo-treated patients and are possibly related to atomoxetine treatment: peripheral coldness, tachycardia, prostatitis, testicular pain, orgasm abnormal, flatulence, asthenia, feeling cold, muscle spasm, dysgeusia, agitation, restlessness, micturition urgency, pollakiuria, pruritus, urticaria, flushing, tremor, menstruation irregular, rash, and urinary retention. The following reactions were reported by at least 2% of patients treated with atomoxetine, and equal to or less than placebo: anxiety, diarrhea, back pain, headache, and oropharyngeal pain. |
||
b Abdominal pain includes the terms: abdominal pain upper, abdominal pain, stomach discomfort, abdominal discomfort, epigastric discomfort. |
||
c Somnolence includes the terms: sedation, somnolence. |
||
d Insomnia includes the terms: insomnia, initial insomnia, middle insomnia, and terminal insomnia. |
||
e Urinary hesitation includes the terms: urinary hesitation, urine flow decreased. |
||
f Based on total number of males (Strattera, N=943; placebo, N=869). |
||
g Based on total number of females (Strattera, N=754; placebo, N=691). |
||
Adverse Reactiona |
Percentage of Patients Reporting Reaction |
|
|
Strattera |
Placebo |
Cardiac Disorders |
|
|
Palpitations |
3 |
1 |
Gastrointestinal Disorders |
|
|
Dry mouth |
20 |
5 |
Nausea |
26 |
6 |
Constipation |
8 |
3 |
Abdominal painb |
7 |
4 |
Dyspepsia |
4 |
2 |
Vomiting |
4 |
2 |
General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions |
|
|
Fatigue |
10 |
6 |
Chills |
3 |
0 |
Feeling jittery |
2 |
1 |
Irritability |
5 |
3 |
Thirst |
2 |
1 |
Investigations |
|
|
Weight decreased |
2 |
1 |
Metabolism and Nutritional Disorders |
|
|
Decreased appetite |
16 |
3 |
Nervous System Disorders |
|
|
Dizziness |
8 |
3 |
Somnolencec |
8 |
5 |
Paraesthesia |
3 |
0 |
Psychiatric Disorders |
|
|
Abnormal dreams |
4 |
3 |
Insomniad |
15 |
8 |
Libido decreased |
3 |
1 |
Sleep disorder |
3 |
1 |
Renal and Urinary Disorders |
|
|
Urinary hesitatione |
6 |
1 |
Dysuria |
2 |
0 |
Reproductive System and Breast Disorders |
|
|
Erectile dysfunctionf |
8 |
1 |
Dysmenorrheag |
3 |
2 |
Ejaculation delayedf and/or ejaculation disorderf |
4 |
1 |
Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders |
|
|
Hyperhidrosis |
4 |
1 |
Vascular Disorders |
|
|
Hot flush |
3 |
0 |
The following adverse events occurred in at least 2% of adult CYP2D6 poor metaboliser (PM) patients and were statistically significantly more frequent in PM patients compared to CYP2D6 extensive metaboliser (EM) patients: vision blurred (4% of PMs, 1% of EMs); dry mouth (35% of PMs, 17% of EMs); constipation (11% of PMs, 7% of EMs); feeling jittery (5% of PMs, 2% of EMs); decreased appetite (23% of PMs, 15% of EMs); tremor (5% of PMs, 1% of EMs); insomnia (19% of PMs, 11% of EMs); sleep disorder (7% of PMs, 3% of EMs); middle insomnia (5% of PMs, 3% of EMs); terminal insomnia (3% of PMs, 1% of EMs); urinary retention (6% of PMs, 1% of EMs); erectile dysfunction (21% of PMs, 9% of EMs); ejaculation disorder (6% of PMs, 2% of EMs); hyperhidrosis (15% of PMs, 7% of EMs); peripheral coldness (3% of PMs, 1% of EMs).
Male and female sexual dysfunction — Atomoxetine appears to impair sexual function in some patients. Changes in sexual desire, sexual performance, and sexual satisfaction are not well assessed in most clinical trials because they need special attention and because patients and physicians may be reluctant to discuss them. Accordingly, estimates of the incidence of untoward sexual experience and performance cited in product labeling are likely to underestimate the actual incidence. Table 4 above displays the incidence of sexual side effects reported by at least 2% of adult patients taking Strattera in placebo-controlled trials.
There are no adequate and well-controlled studies examining sexual dysfunction with Strattera treatment. While it is difficult to know the precise risk of sexual dysfunction associated with the use of Strattera, physicians should routinely inquire about such possible side effects.
The following adverse reactions have been identified during post approval use of Strattera. Unless otherwise specified, these adverse reactions have occurred in adults and children and adolescents. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
Cardiovascular system — QT prolongation, syncope.
Peripheral vascular effects — Raynaud's phenomenon.
General disorders and administration site conditions — Lethargy.
Musculoskeletal System — Rhabdomyolysis.
Nervous system disorders — Hypoaesthesia; paraesthesia in children and adolescents; sensory disturbances; tics.
Psychiatric disorders — Depression and depressed mood; anxiety, libido changes.
Seizures — Seizures have been reported in the postmarketing period. The postmarketing seizure cases include patients with pre-existing seizure disorders and those with identified risk factors for seizures, as well as patients with neither a history of nor identified risk factors for seizures. The exact relationship between Strattera and seizures is difficult to evaluate due to uncertainty about the background risk of seizures in ADHD patients.
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders — Alopecia, hyperhidrosis.
Urogenital system — Male pelvic pain; urinary hesitation in children and adolescents; urinary retention in children and adolescents.
With other drugs that affect brain monoamine concentrations, there have been reports of serious, sometimes fatal reactions (including hyperthermia, rigidity, myoclonus, autonomic instability with possible rapid fluctuations of vital signs, and mental status changes that include extreme agitation progressing to delirium and coma) when taken in combination with an MAOI. Some cases presented with features resembling neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Such reactions may occur when these drugs are given concurrently or in close proximity [see Contraindications (4.2)].
In extensive metabolizers (EMs), inhibitors of CYP2D6 (e.g., paroxetine, fluoxetine, and quinidine) increase atomoxetine steady-state plasma concentrations to exposures similar to those observed in poor metabolizers (PMs). In EM individuals treated with paroxetine or fluoxetine, the AUC of atomoxetine is approximately 6- to 8-fold and Css, max is about 3- to 4-fold greater than atomoxetine alone.
In vitro studies suggest that coadministration of cytochrome P450 inhibitors to PMs will not increase the plasma concentrations of atomoxetine.
Because of possible effects on blood pressure, Strattera should be used cautiously with antihypertensive drugs and pressor agents (e.g., dopamine, dobutamine) or other drugs that increase blood pressure.
Strattera should be administered with caution to patients being treated with systemically-administered (oral or intravenous) albuterol (or other beta2 agonists) because the action of albuterol on the cardiovascular system can be potentiated resulting in increases in heart rate and blood pressure. Albuterol (600 mcg iv over 2 hours) induced increases in heart rate and blood pressure. These effects were potentiated by atomoxetine (60 mg BID for 5 days) and were most marked after the initial coadministration of albuterol and atomoxetine. However, these effects on heart rate and blood pressure were not seen in another study after the coadministration with inhaled dose of albuterol (200-800 mcg) and atomoxetine (80 mg QD for 5 days) in 21 healthy Asian subjects who were excluded for poor metabolizer status.
Atomoxetine did not cause clinically important inhibition or induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes, including CYP1A2, CYP3A, CYP2D6, and CYP2C9.
CYP3A Substrate (e.g., Midazolam) — Coadministration of Strattera (60 mg BID for 12 days) with midazolam, a model compound for CYP3A4 metabolized drugs (single dose of 5 mg), resulted in 15% increase in AUC of midazolam. No dose adjustment is recommended for drugs metabolized by CYP3A.
CYP2D6 Substrate (e.g., Desipramine) — Coadministration of Strattera (40 or 60 mg BID for 13 days) with desipramine, a model compound for CYP2D6 metabolized drugs (single dose of 50 mg), did not alter the pharmacokinetics of desipramine. No dose adjustment is recommended for drugs metabolized by CYP2D6.
Consumption of ethanol with Strattera did not change the intoxicating effects of ethanol.
Coadministration of methylphenidate with Strattera did not increase cardiovascular effects beyond those seen with methylphenidate alone.
In vitro drug-displacement studies were conducted with atomoxetine and other highly-bound drugs at therapeutic concentrations. Atomoxetine did not affect the binding of warfarin, acetylsalicylic acid, phenytoin, or diazepam to human albumin. Similarly, these compounds did not affect the binding of atomoxetine to human albumin.
Drugs that elevate gastric pH (magnesium hydroxide/aluminum hydroxide, omeprazole) had no effect on Strattera bioavailability.
Pregnancy Category C — Pregnant rabbits were treated with up to 100 mg/kg/day of atomoxetine by gavage throughout the period of organogenesis. At this dose, in 1 of 3 studies, a decrease in live fetuses and an increase in early resorptions was observed. Slight increases in the incidences of atypical origin of carotid artery and absent subclavian artery were observed. These findings were observed at doses that caused slight maternal toxicity. The no-effect dose for these findings was 30 mg/kg/day. The 100 mg/kg dose is approximately 23 times the maximum human dose on a mg/m2 basis; plasma levels (AUC) of atomoxetine at this dose in rabbits are estimated to be 3.3 times (extensive metabolizers) or 0.4 times (poor metabolizers) those in humans receiving the maximum human dose.
Rats were treated with up to approximately 50 mg/kg/day of atomoxetine (approximately 6 times the maximum human dose on a mg/m2 basis) in the diet from 2 weeks (females) or 10 weeks (males) prior to mating through the periods of organogenesis and lactation. In 1 of 2 studies, decreases in pup weight and pup survival were observed. The decreased pup survival was also seen at 25 mg/kg (but not at 13 mg/kg). In a study in which rats were treated with atomoxetine in the diet from 2 weeks (females) or 10 weeks (males) prior to mating throughout the period of organogenesis, a decrease in fetal weight (female only) and an increase in the incidence of incomplete ossification of the vertebral arch in fetuses were observed at 40 mg/kg/day (approximately 5 times the maximum human dose on a mg/m2 basis) but not at 20 mg/kg/day.
No adverse fetal effects were seen when pregnant rats were treated with up to 150 mg/kg/day (approximately 17 times the maximum human dose on a mg/m2 basis) by gavage throughout the period of organogenesis.
No adequate and well-controlled studies have been conducted in pregnant women. Strattera should not be used during pregnancy unless the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Parturition in rats was not affected by atomoxetine. The effect of Strattera on labor and delivery in humans is unknown.
Atomoxetine and/or its metabolites were excreted in the milk of rats. It is not known if atomoxetine is excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised if Strattera is administered to a nursing woman.
Anyone considering the use of Strattera in a child or adolescent must balance the potential risks with the clinical need [see Boxed Warning and Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].
The pharmacokinetics of atomoxetine in children and adolescents are similar to those in adults. The safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of Strattera in pediatric patients less than 6 years of age have not been evaluated.
A study was conducted in young rats to evaluate the effects of atomoxetine on growth and neurobehavioral and sexual development. Rats were treated with 1, 10, or 50 mg/kg/day (approximately 0.2, 2, and 8 times, respectively, the maximum human dose on a mg/m2 basis) of atomoxetine given by gavage from the early postnatal period (Day 10 of age) through adulthood. Slight delays in onset of vaginal patency (all doses) and preputial separation (10 and 50 mg/kg), slight decreases in epididymal weight and sperm number (10 and 50 mg/kg), and a slight decrease in corpora lutea (50 mg/kg) were seen, but there were no effects on fertility or reproductive performance. A slight delay in onset of incisor eruption was seen at 50 mg/kg. A slight increase in motor activity was seen on Day 15 (males at 10 and 50 mg/kg and females at 50 mg/kg) and on Day 30 (females at 50 mg/kg) but not on Day 60 of age. There were no effects on learning and memory tests. The significance of these findings to humans is unknown.
The safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics of Strattera in geriatric patients have not been evaluated.
Atomoxetine exposure (AUC) is increased, compared with normal subjects, in EM subjects with moderate (Child-Pugh Class B) (2-fold increase) and severe (Child-Pugh Class C) (4-fold increase) hepatic insufficiency. Dosage adjustment is recommended for patients with moderate or severe hepatic insufficiency [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)].
EM subjects with end stage renal disease had higher systemic exposure to atomoxetine than healthy subjects (about a 65% increase), but there was no difference when exposure was corrected for mg/kg dose. Strattera can therefore be administered to ADHD patients with end stage renal disease or lesser degrees of renal insufficiency using the normal dosing regimen.
Gender did not influence atomoxetine disposition.
Ethnic origin did not influence atomoxetine disposition (except that PMs are more common in Caucasians).
Tics in patients with ADHD and comorbid Tourette's Disorder — Atomoxetine administered in a flexible dose range of 0.5 to 1.5 mg/kg/day (mean dose of 1.3 mg/kg/day) and placebo were compared in 148 randomized pediatric (age 7-17 years) subjects with a DSM-IV diagnosis of ADHD and comorbid tic disorder in an 18 week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in which the majority (80%) enrolled in this trial with Tourette's Disorder (Tourette's Disorder: 116 subjects; chronic motor tic disorder: 29 subjects). A non-inferiority analysis revealed that Strattera did not worsen tics in these patients as determined by the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale Total Score (YGTSS). Out of 148 patients who entered the acute treatment phase, 103 (69.6%) patients discontinued the study. The primary reason for discontinuation in both the atomoxetine (38 of 76 patients, 50.0%) and placebo (45 of 72 patients, 62.5%) treatment groups was identified as lack of efficacy with most of the patients discontinuing at Week 12. This was the first visit where patients with a CGI-S≥4 could also meet the criteria for “clinical non-responder” (CGI-S remained the same or increased from study baseline) and be eligible to enter an open-label extension study with atomoxetine. There have been postmarketing reports of tics [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)].
Anxiety in patients with ADHD and comorbid Anxiety Disorders – In two post-marketing, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, it has been demonstrated that treating patients with ADHD and comorbid anxiety disorders with Strattera does not worsen their anxiety.
In a 12-week double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 176 patients, aged 8-17, who met DSM-IV criteria for ADHD and at least one of the anxiety disorders of separation anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder or social phobia were randomized. Following a 2-week double-blind placebo lead-in, Strattera was initiated at 0.8 mg/kg/day with increase to a target dose of 1.2 mg/kg/day (median dose 1.30 mg/kg/day +/- 0.29 mg/kg/day). Strattera did not worsen anxiety in these patients as determined by the Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale (PARS). Of the 158 patients who completed the double-blind placebo lead-in, 26 (16%) patients discontinued the study.
In a separate 16-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 442 patients aged 18-65, who met DSM-IV criteria for adult ADHD and social anxiety disorder (23% of whom also had Generalized Anxiety Disorder) were randomized. Following a 2-week double-blind placebo lead-in, Strattera was initiated at 40 mg/day to a maximum dose of 100 mg/day (mean daily dose 83 mg/day +/- 19.5 mg/day). Strattera did not worsen anxiety in these patients as determined by the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS). Of the 413 patients who completed the double-blind placebo lead-in, 149 (36.1%) patients discontinued the study. There have been postmarketing reports of anxiety [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)].
Strattera is not a controlled substance.
In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, abuse-potential study in adults comparing effects of Strattera and placebo, Strattera was not associated with a pattern of response that suggested stimulant or euphoriant properties.
Clinical study data in over 2000 children, adolescents, and adults with ADHD and over 1200 adults with depression showed only isolated incidents of drug diversion or inappropriate self-administration associated with Strattera. There was no evidence of symptom rebound or adverse reactions suggesting a drug-discontinuation or withdrawal syndrome.
Animal Experience — Drug discrimination studies in rats and monkeys showed inconsistent stimulus generalization between atomoxetine and cocaine.
There is limited clinical trial experience with Strattera overdose. During postmarketing, there have been fatalities reported involving a mixed ingestion overdose of Strattera and at least one other drug. There have been no reports of death involving overdose of Strattera alone, including intentional overdoses at amounts up to 1400 mg. In some cases of overdose involving Strattera, seizures have been reported. The most commonly reported symptoms accompanying acute and chronic overdoses of Strattera were gastrointestinal symptoms, somnolence, dizziness, tremor, and abnormal behavior. Hyperactivity and agitation have also been reported. Signs and symptoms consistent with mild to moderate sympathetic nervous system activation (e.g., tachycardia, blood pressure increased, mydriasis, dry mouth) have also been observed. Most events were mild to moderate. Less commonly, there have been reports of QT prolongation and mental changes, including disorientation and hallucinations [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.2)].
Consult with aCertifiedPoisonControlCenterfor up to date guidance and advice. Because atomoxetine is highly protein-bound, dialysis is not likely to be useful in the treatment of overdose.
Strattera® (atomoxetine) is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. Atomoxetine HCl is the R(-) isomer as determined by x-ray diffraction. The chemical designation is (-)-N-Methyl-3-phenyl-3-(o-tolyloxy)-propylamine hydrochloride. The molecular formula is C17H21NO•HCl, which corresponds to a molecular weight of 291.82. The chemical structure is:
Atomoxetine HCl is a white to practically white solid, which has a solubility of 27.8 mg/mL in water.
Strattera capsules are intended for oral administration only.
Each capsule contains atomoxetine HCl equivalent to 10, 18, 25, 40, 60, 80, or 100 mg of atomoxetine. The capsules also contain pregelatinized starch and dimethicone. The capsule shells contain gelatin, sodium lauryl sulfate, and other inactive ingredients. The capsule shells also contain one or more of the following:
FD&C Blue No. 2, synthetic yellow iron oxide, titanium dioxide, red iron oxide. The capsules are imprinted with edible black ink.
The precise mechanism by which atomoxetine produces its therapeutic effects in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is unknown, but is thought to be related to selective inhibition of the pre-synaptic norepinephrine transporter, as determined in ex vivo uptake and neurotransmitter depletion studies.
An exposure-response analysis encompassing doses of atomoxetine (0.5, 1.2 or 1.8 mg/kg/day) or placebo demonstrated atomoxetine exposure correlates with efficacy as measured by the Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale-IV-Parent Version: Investigator administered and scored. The exposure-efficacy relationship was similar to that observed between dose and efficacy with median exposures at the two highest doses resulting in near maximal changes from baseline [see Clinical Studies (14.2)].
Cardiac Electrophysiology — The effect of Strattera on QTc prolongation was evaluated in a randomized, double-blinded, positive-(moxifloxacin 400 mg) and placebo-controlled, cross-over study in healthy male CYP2D6 poor metabolizers. A total of 120 healthy subjects were administered Strattera (20 mg and 60 mg) twice daily for 7 days. No large changes in QTc interval (i.e., increases >60 msec from baseline, absolute QTc >480 msec) were observed in the study. However, small changes in QTc interval cannot be excluded from the current study, because the study failed to demonstrate assay sensitivity. There was a slight increase in QTc interval with increased atomoxetine concentration.
Atomoxetine is well-absorbed after oral administration and is minimally affected by food. It is eliminated primarily by oxidative metabolism through the cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) enzymatic pathway and subsequent glucuronidation. Atomoxetine has a half-life of about 5 hours. A fraction of the population (about 7% of Caucasians and 2% of African Americans) are poor metabolizers (PMs) of CYP2D6 metabolized drugs. These individuals have reduced activity in this pathway resulting in 10-fold higher AUCs, 5-fold higher peak plasma concentrations, and slower elimination (plasma half-life of about 24 hours) of atomoxetine compared with people with normal activity [extensive metabolizers (EMs)]. Drugs that inhibit CYP2D6, such as fluoxetine, paroxetine, and quinidine, cause similar increases in exposure.
The pharmacokinetics of atomoxetine have been evaluated in more than 400 children and adolescents in selected clinical trials, primarily using population pharmacokinetic studies. Single-dose and steady-state individual pharmacokinetic data were also obtained in children, adolescents, and adults. When doses were normalized to a mg/kg basis, similar half-life, Cmax, and AUC values were observed in children, adolescents, and adults. Clearance and volume of distribution after adjustment for body weight were also similar.
Absorption and distribution — Atomoxetine is rapidly absorbed after oral administration, with absolute bioavailability of about 63% in EMs and 94% in PMs. Maximal plasma concentrations (Cmax) are reached approximately 1 to 2 hours after dosing.
Strattera can be administered with or without food. Administration of Strattera with a standard high-fat meal in adults did not affect the extent of oral absorption of atomoxetine (AUC), but did decrease the rate of absorption, resulting in a 37% lower Cmax, and delayed Tmax by 3 hours. In clinical trials with children and adolescents, administration of Strattera with food resulted in a 9% lower Cmax.
The steady-state volume of distribution after intravenous administration is 0.85 L/kg indicating that atomoxetine distributes primarily into total body water. Volume of distribution is similar across the patient weight range after normalizing for body weight.
At therapeutic concentrations, 98% of atomoxetine in plasma is bound to protein, primarily albumin.
Metabolism and elimination — Atomoxetine is metabolized primarily through the CYP2D6 enzymatic pathway. People with reduced activity in this pathway (PMs) have higher plasma concentrations of atomoxetine compared with people with normal activity (EMs). For PMs, AUC of atomoxetine is approximately 10-fold and Css, max is about 5-fold greater than EMs. Laboratory tests are available to identify CYP2D6 PMs. Coadministration of Strattera with potent inhibitors of CYP2D6, such as fluoxetine, paroxetine, or quinidine, results in a substantial increase in atomoxetine plasma exposure, and dosing adjustment may be necessary [see Warnings and Precautions (5.13)]. Atomoxetine did not inhibit or induce the CYP2D6 pathway.
The major oxidative metabolite formed, regardless of CYP2D6 status, is 4-hydroxyatomoxetine, which is glucuronidated. 4-Hydroxyatomoxetine is equipotent to atomoxetine as an inhibitor of the norepinephrine transporter but circulates in plasma at much lower concentrations (1% of atomoxetine concentration in EMs and 0.1% of atomoxetine concentration in PMs). 4-Hydroxyatomoxetine is primarily formed by CYP2D6, but in PMs, 4-hydroxyatomoxetine is formed at a slower rate by several other cytochrome P450 enzymes. N-Desmethylatomoxetine is formed by CYP2C19 and other cytochrome P450 enzymes, but has substantially less pharmacological activity compared with atomoxetine and circulates in plasma at lower concentrations (5% of atomoxetine concentration in EMs and 45% of atomoxetine concentration in PMs).
Mean apparent plasma clearance of atomoxetine after oral administration in adult EMs is 0.35 L/hr/kg and the mean half-life is 5.2 hours. Following oral administration of atomoxetine to PMs, mean apparent plasma clearance is 0.03 L/hr/kg and mean half-life is 21.6 hours. For PMs, AUC of atomoxetine is approximately 10-fold and Css, max is about 5-fold greater than EMs. The elimination half-life of 4-hydroxyatomoxetine is similar to that of N-desmethylatomoxetine (6 to 8 hours) in EM subjects, while the half-life of N-desmethylatomoxetine is much longer in PM subjects (34 to 40 hours).
Atomoxetine is excreted primarily as 4-hydroxyatomoxetine-O-glucuronide, mainly in the urine (greater than 80% of the dose) and to a lesser extent in the feces (less than 17% of the dose). Only a small fraction of the Strattera dose is excreted as unchanged atomoxetine (less than 3% of the dose), indicating extensive biotransformation.
[See Use In Specific Populations (8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9)].
Carcinogenesis — Atomoxetine HCl was not carcinogenic in rats and mice when given in the diet for 2 years at time-weighted average doses up to 47 and 458 mg/kg/day, respectively. The highest dose used in rats is approximately 8 and 5 times the maximum human dose in children and adults, respectively, on a mg/m2 basis. Plasma levels (AUC) of atomoxetine at this dose in rats are estimated to be 1.8 times (extensive metabolizers) or 0.2 times (poor metabolizers) those in humans receiving the maximum human dose. The highest dose used in mice is approximately 39 and 26 times the maximum human dose in children and adults, respectively, on a mg/m2 basis.
Mutagenesis — Atomoxetine HCl was negative in a battery of genotoxicity studies that included a reverse point mutation assay (Ames Test), an in vitro mouse lymphoma assay, a chromosomal aberration test in Chinese hamster ovary cells, an unscheduled DNA synthesis test in rat hepatocytes, and an in vivo micronucleus test in mice. However, there was a slight increase in the percentage of Chinese hamster ovary cells with diplochromosomes, suggesting endoreduplication (numerical aberration).
The metabolite N-desmethylatomoxetine HCl was negative in the Ames Test, mouse lymphoma assay, and unscheduled DNA synthesis test.
Impairment of fertility — Atomoxetine HCl did not impair fertility in rats when given in the diet at doses of up to 57 mg/kg/day, which is approximately 6 times the maximum human dose on a mg/m2 basis.
Acute Studies — The effectiveness of Strattera in the treatment of ADHD was established in 4 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of pediatric patients (ages 6 to 18). Approximately one-third of the patients met DSM-IV criteria for inattentive subtype and two-thirds met criteria for both inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive subtypes.
Signs and symptoms of ADHD were evaluated by a comparison of mean change from baseline to endpoint for Strattera- and placebo-treated patients using an intent-to-treat analysis of the primary outcome measure, the investigator administered and scored ADHD Rating Scale-IV-Parent Version (ADHDRS) total score including hyperactive/impulsive and inattentive subscales. Each item on the ADHDRS maps directly to one symptom criterion for ADHD in the DSM-IV.
In Study 1, an 8-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response, acute treatment study of children and adolescents aged 8 to 18 (N=297), patients received either a fixed dose of Strattera (0.5, 1.2, or 1.8 mg/kg/day) or placebo. Strattera was administered as a divided dose in the early morning and late afternoon/early evening. At the 2 higher doses, improvements in ADHD symptoms were statistically significantly superior in Strattera-treated patients compared with placebo-treated patients as measured on the ADHDRS scale. The 1.8 mg/kg/day Strattera dose did not provide any additional benefit over that observed with the 1.2 mg/kg/day dose. The 0.5 mg/kg/day Strattera dose was not superior to placebo.
In Study 2, a 6-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, acute treatment study of children and adolescents aged 6 to 16 (N=171), patients received either Strattera or placebo. Strattera was administered as a single dose in the early morning and titrated on a weight-adjusted basis according to clinical response, up to a maximum dose of 1.5 mg/kg/day. The mean final dose of Strattera was approximately 1.3 mg/kg/day. ADHD symptoms were statistically significantly improved on Strattera compared with placebo, as measured on the ADHDRS scale. This study shows that Strattera is effective when administered once daily in the morning.
In 2 identical, 9-week, acute, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of children aged 7 to 13 (Study 3, N=147; Study 4, N=144), Strattera and methylphenidate were compared with placebo. Strattera was administered as a divided dose in the early morning and late afternoon (after school) and titrated on a weight-adjusted basis according to clinical response. The maximum recommended Strattera dose was 2.0 mg/kg/day. The mean final dose of Strattera for both studies was approximately 1.6 mg/kg/day. In both studies, ADHD symptoms statistically significantly improved more on Strattera than on placebo, as measured on the ADHDRS scale.
Examination of population subsets based on gender and age (<12 and 12 to 17) did not reveal any differential responsiveness on the basis of these subgroupings. There was not sufficient exposure of ethnic groups other than Caucasian to allow exploration of differences in these subgroups.
Maintenance Study — The effectiveness of Strattera in the maintenance treatment of ADHD was established in an outpatient study of children and adolescents (ages 6-15 years). Patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for ADHD who showed continuous response for about 4 weeks during an initial 10 week open-label treatment phase with Strattera (1.2 to 1.8 mg/kg/day) were randomized to continuation of their current dose of Strattera (N=292) or to placebo (N=124) under double-blind treatment for observation of relapse. Response during the open-label phase was defined as CGI-ADHD-S score ≤2 and a reduction of at least 25% from baseline in ADHDRS-IV-Parent:Inv total score. Patients who were assigned to Strattera and showed continuous response for approximately 8 months during the first double-blind treatment phase were again randomized to continuation of their current dose of Strattera (N=81) or to placebo (N=82) under double-blind treatment for observation of relapse. Relapse during the double-blind phase was defined as CGI-ADHD-S score increases of at least 2 from the end of open-label phase and ADHDRS-IV-Parent:Inv total score returns to ≥90% of study entry score for 2 consecutive visits. In both double-blind phases, patients receiving continued Strattera treatment experienced significantly longer times to relapse than those receiving placebo.
The effectiveness of Strattera in the treatment of ADHD was established in 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical studies of adult patients, age 18 and older, who met DSM-IV criteria for ADHD.
Signs and symptoms of ADHD were evaluated using the investigator-administered Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale Screening Version (CAARS), a 30-item scale. The primary effectiveness measure was the 18-item Total ADHD Symptom score (the sum of the inattentive and hyperactivity/impulsivity subscales from the CAARS) evaluated by a comparison of mean change from baseline to endpoint using an intent-to-treat analysis.
In 2 identical, 10-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled acute treatment studies (Study 5, N=280; Study 6, N=256), patients received either Strattera or placebo. Strattera was administered as a divided dose in the early morning and late afternoon/early evening and titrated according to clinical response in a range of 60 to 120 mg/day. The mean final dose of Strattera for both studies was approximately 95 mg/day. In both studies, ADHD symptoms were statistically significantly improved on Strattera, as measured on the ADHD Symptom score from the CAARS scale.
Examination of population subsets based on gender and age (<42 and ≥42) did not reveal any differential responsiveness on the basis of these subgroupings. There was not sufficient exposure of ethnic groups other than Caucasian to allow exploration of differences in these subgroups.
a Atomoxetine base equivalent. |
|||||||
Strattera®Capsules |
10 mga |
18 mga |
25 mga |
40 mga |
60 mga |
80 mga |
100 mga |
Color |
Opaque White, |
Gold, |
Opaque Blue, |
Opaque Blue, |
Opaque Blue, |
Opaque Brown, |
Opaque Brown, |
Identification |
LILLY 3227 |
LILLY 3238 |
LILLY 3228 |
LILLY 3229 |
LILLY 3239 |
LILLY 3250 |
LILLY 3251 |
|
10 mg |
18 mg |
25 mg |
40 mg |
60 mg |
80 mg |
100 mg |
NDC Codes: |
|||||||
Bottles of 30 |
0002-3227-30 |
0002-3238-30 |
0002-3228-30 |
0002-3229-30 |
0002-3239-30 |
0002-3250-30 |
0002-3251-30 |
Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].
See FDA-approved Medication Guide.
Physicians should instruct their patients to read the Medication Guide before starting therapy with Strattera and to reread it each time the prescription is renewed.
Prescribers or other health professionals should inform patients, their families, and their caregivers about the benefits and risks associated with treatment with Strattera and should counsel them in its appropriate use. The prescriber or health professional should instruct patients, their families, and their caregivers to read the Medication Guide and should assist them in understanding its contents. Patients should be given the opportunity to discuss the contents of the Medication Guide and to obtain answers to any questions they may have.
Patients should be advised of the following issues and asked to alert their prescriber if these occur while taking Strattera.
Patients, their families, and their caregivers should be encouraged to be alert to the emergence of anxiety, agitation, panic attacks, insomnia, irritability, hostility, aggressiveness, impulsivity, akathisia (psychomotor restlessness), hypomania, mania, other unusual changes in behavior, depression, and suicidal ideation, especially early during Strattera treatment and when the dose is adjusted. Families and caregivers of patients should be advised to observe for the emergence of such symptoms on a day-to-day basis, since changes may be abrupt. Such symptoms should be reported to the patient's prescriber or health professional, especially if they are severe, abrupt in onset, or were not part of the patient's presenting symptoms. Symptoms such as these may be associated with an increased risk for suicidal thinking and behavior and indicate a need for very close monitoring and possibly changes in the medication.
Patients initiating Strattera should be cautioned that severe liver injury may develop. Patients should be instructed to contact their physician immediately should they develop pruritus, dark urine, jaundice, right upper quadrant tenderness, or unexplained “flu-like” symptoms [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].
Patients should be instructed to call their doctor as soon as possible should they notice an increase in aggression or hostility.
Rare postmarketing cases of priapism, defined as painful and nonpainful penile erection lasting more than 4 hours, have been reported for pediatric and adult patients treated with Strattera. The parents or guardians of pediatric patients taking Strattera and adult patients taking Strattera should be instructed that priapism requires prompt medical attention.
Strattera is an ocular irritant. Strattera capsules are not intended to be opened. In the event of capsule content coming in contact with the eye, the affected eye should be flushed immediately with water, and medical advice obtained. Hands and any potentially contaminated surfaces should be washed as soon as possible.
Patients should be instructed to consult a physician if they are taking or plan to take any prescription or over-the-counter medicines, dietary supplements, or herbal remedies.
Patients should be instructed to consult a physician if they are nursing, pregnant, or thinking of becoming pregnant while taking Strattera.
Patients may take Strattera with or without food.
If patients miss a dose, they should be instructed to take it as soon as possible, but should not take more than the prescribed total daily amount of Strattera in any 24-hour period.
Patients should be instructed to use caution when driving a car or operating hazardous machinery until they are reasonably certain that their performance is not affected by atomoxetine.
Literature revised May 12, 2017
Marketed by: Lilly USA, LLC
Indianapolis,
IN 46285, USA
www.Strattera.com
Copyright © 2002, 2017, Eli Lilly and Company. All rights reserved.
STR-0003-USPI-20170512
MEDICATION GUIDE
Strattera® (Stra-TAIR-a)
(atomoxetine) Capsules
Read the Medication Guide that comes with Strattera® before you or your child starts taking it and each time you get a refill. There may be new information. This Medication Guide does not take the place of talking to your doctor about your treatment or your child's treatment with Strattera.
What is the most important information I should know about Strattera?
The following have been reported with use of Strattera:
1. Suicidal thoughts and actions in children and teenagers:
Children and teenagers sometimes think about suicide, and many report trying to kill themselves. Results from Strattera clinical studies with over 2200 child or teenage ADHD patients suggest that some children and teenagers may have a higher chance of having suicidal thoughts or actions.Although no suicides occurred in these studies, 4 out of every 1000 patients developed suicidal thoughts. Tell your child or teenager's doctor if your child or teenager (or there is a family history of):
· has bipolar illness (manic-depressive illness)
· had suicide thoughts or actions before starting Strattera
The chance for suicidal thoughts and actions may be higher:
· early during Strattera treatment
· during dose adjustments
Prevent suicidal thoughts and action in your child or teenager by:
· paying close attention to your child or teenager's moods, behaviors, thoughts, and feelings during Strattera treatment
· keeping all follow-up visits with your child or teenager's doctor as scheduled
Watch for the following signs in your child or teenager during Strattera treatment:
· anxiety
· agitation
· panic attacks
· trouble sleeping
· irritability
· hostility
· aggressiveness
· impulsivity
· restlessness
· mania
· depression
· suicide thoughts
Call your child or teenager's doctor right away if they have any of the above signs, especially if they are new, sudden, or severe. Your child or teenager may need to be closely watched for suicidal thoughts and actions or need a change in medicine.
2. Severe liver damage:
Strattera can cause liver injury in some patients. Call your doctor right away if you or your child has the following signs of liver problems:
· itching
· right upper belly pain
· dark urine
· yellow skin or eyes
· unexplained flu-like symptoms
3. Heart-related problems:
· sudden death in patients who have heart problems or heart defects
· stroke and heart attack in adults
· increased blood pressure and heart rate
Tell your doctor if you or your child has any heart problems, heart defects, high blood pressure, or a family history of these problems. Your doctor should check you or your child carefully for heart problems before starting Strattera.
Your doctor should check your blood pressure or your child's blood pressure and heart rate regularly during treatment with Strattera.
Call your doctor right away if you or your child has any signs of heart problems such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or fainting while taking Strattera.
4. New mental (psychiatric) problems in children and teenagers:
· new psychotic symptoms (such as hearing voices, believing things that are not true, being suspicious) or new manic symptoms
Call your child or teenager's doctor right away about any new mental symptoms because adjusting or stopping Strattera treatment may need to be considered.
What Is Strattera?
Strattera is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor medicine. It is used for the treatment of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Strattera may help increase attention and decrease impulsiveness and hyperactivity in patients with ADHD.
Strattera should be used as a part of a total treatment program for ADHD that may include counseling or other therapies.
Strattera has not been studied in children less than 6 years old.
Who should not take Strattera?
Strattera should not be taken if you or your child:
· are taking or have taken within the past 14 days an anti-depression medicine called a monoamine oxidase inhibitor or MAOI. Some names of MAOI medicines are Nardil® (phenelzine sulfate), Parnate® (tranylcypromine sulfate) and Emsam® (selegiline transdermal system).
· have an eye problem called narrow angle glaucoma
· are allergic to anything in Strattera. See the end of this Medication Guide for a complete list of ingredients.
· have or have had a rare tumor called pheochromocytoma.
Strattera may not be right for you or your child. Before starting Strattera tell your doctor or your child's doctor about all health conditions (or a family history of) including:
· have or had suicide thoughts or actions
· heart problems, heart defects, irregular heart beat, high blood pressure, or low blood pressure
· mental problems, psychosis, mania, bipolar illness, or depression
· liver problems
Tell your doctor if you or your child is pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or breastfeeding.
Can Strattera be taken with other medicines?
Tell your doctor about all the medicines that you or your child takes including prescription and nonprescription medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. Strattera and some medicines may interact with each other and cause serious side effects. Your doctor will decide whether Strattera can be taken with other medicines.
Especially tell your doctor if you or your child takes:
· asthma medicines
· anti-depression medicines including MAOIs
· blood pressure medicines
· cold or allergy medicines that contain decongestants
Know the medicines that you or your child takes. Keep a list of your medicines with you to show your doctor and pharmacist.
Do not start any new medicine while taking Strattera without talking to your doctor first.
How should Strattera be taken?
· Take Strattera exactly as prescribed. Strattera comes in different dose strength capsules. Your doctor may adjust the dose until it is right for you or your child.
· Do not chew, crush, or open the capsules. Swallow Strattera capsules whole with water or other liquids. Tell your doctor if you or your child cannot swallow Strattera whole. A different medicine may need to be prescribed.
· Avoid touching a broken Strattera capsule. Wash hands and surfaces that touched an open Strattera capsule. If any of the powder gets in your eyes or your child's eyes, rinse them with water right away and call your doctor.
· Strattera can be taken with or without food.
· Strattera is usually taken once or twice a day. Take Strattera at the same time each day to help you remember. If you miss a dose of Strattera, take it as soon as you remember that day. If you miss a day of Strattera, do not double your dose the next day. Just skip the day you missed.
· From time to time, your doctor may stop Strattera treatment for a while to check ADHD symptoms.
· Your doctor may do regular checks of the blood, heart, and blood pressure while taking Strattera. Children should have their height and weight checked often while taking Strattera. Strattera treatment may be stopped if a problem is found during these check-ups.
· If you or your child takes too much Strattera or overdoses, call your doctor or poison control center right away, or get emergency treatment.
What are possible side effects of Strattera?
See “What is the most important information I should know about Strattera?” for information on reported suicidal thoughts and actions, other mental problems, severe liver damage, and heart problems.
Other serious side effects include:
· serious allergic reactions (call your doctor if you have trouble breathing, see swelling or hives, or experience other allergic reactions)
· slowing of growth (height and weight) in children
· problems passing urine including
o trouble starting or keeping a urine stream
o cannot fully empty the bladder
Common side effects in children and teenagers include:
· upset stomach
· decreased appetite
· nausea or vomiting
· dizziness
· tiredness
· mood swings
Common side effects in adults include:
· constipation
· dry mouth
· nausea
· decreased appetite
· dizziness
· sexual side effects
· problems passing urine
Other information for children, teenagers, and adults:
· Erections that won't go away (priapism) have occurred rarely during treatment with Strattera. If you have an erection that lasts more than 4 hours, seek medical help right away. Because of the potential for lasting damage, including the potential inability to have erections, priapism should be evaluated by a doctor immediately.
· Strattera may affect your ability or your child's ability to drive or operate heavy machinery. Be careful until you know how Strattera affects you or your child.
· Talk to your doctor if you or your child has side effects that are bothersome or do not go away.
This is not a complete list of possible side effects. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
How should I store Strattera?
· Store Strattera in a safe place at room temperature, 59 to 86°F (15 to 30°C).
· Keep Strattera and all medicines out of the reach of children.
General information about Strattera
Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Medication Guide. Do not use Strattera for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give Strattera to other people, even if they have the same condition. It may harm them.
This Medication Guide summarizes the most important information about Strattera. If you would like more information, talk with your doctor. You can ask your doctor or pharmacist for information about Strattera that was written for healthcare professionals. For more information about Strattera call 1-800-Lilly-Rx (1-800-545-5979) or visit www.Strattera.com.
What are the ingredients in Strattera?
Active ingredient: atomoxetine hydrochloride.
Inactive ingredients: pregelatinized starch, dimethicone, gelatin, sodium lauryl sulfate, FD&C Blue No. 2, synthetic yellow iron oxide, titanium dioxide, red iron oxide, and edible black ink.
Nardil® is a registered trademark of Pfizer Inc.
Parnate® is a registered trademark of GlaxoSmithKline.
Emsam® is a registered trademark of Somerset Pharmaceuticals Inc.
This Medication Guide has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.
Patient Information revised February 20, 2014
Marketed by: Lilly USA, LLC
Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
www.Strattera.com
Copyright © 2003, 2014, Eli Lilly and Company. All rights reserved.
PV 5859 AMP
PACKAGE LABEL - Strattera 10 mg bottle of 30
30 Capsules
NDC 0002-3227-30
PU 3227
Strattera®
atomoxetine capsules
Rx only
10 mg
Each capsule equivalent to 10 mg atomoxetine
Do not use if Lilly inner seal is missing or broken.
www.Strattera.com
Lilly
PACKAGE LABEL - Strattera 18 mg bottle of 30
30 Capsules
NDC 0002-3238-30
PU 3238
Strattera®
atomoxetine capsules
Rx only
18 mg
Each capsule equivalent to 18 mg atomoxetine
Do not use if Lilly inner seal is missing or broken.
www.Strattera.com
Lilly
PACKAGE LABEL - Strattera 25 mg bottle of 30
30 Capsules
NDC 0002-3228-30
PU 3228
Strattera®
atomoxetine capsules
Rx only
25 mg
Each capsule equivalent to 25 mg atomoxetine
Do not use if Lilly inner seal is missing or broken.
www.Strattera.com
Lilly
PACKAGE LABEL - Strattera 40 mg bottle of 30
30 Capsules
NDC 0002-3229-30
PU 3229
Strattera®
atomoxetine capsules
Rx only
40 mg
Each capsule equivalent to 40 mg atomoxetine
Do not use if Lilly inner seal is missing or broken.
www.Strattera.com
Lilly
PACKAGE LABEL - Strattera 60 mg bottle of 30
30 Capsules
NDC 0002-3239-30
PU 3239
Strattera®
atomoxetine capsules
Rx only
60 mg
Each capsule equivalent to 60 mg atomoxetine
Do not use if Lilly inner seal is missing or broken.
www.Strattera.com
Lilly
PACKAGE LABEL - Strattera 80 mg bottle of 30
30 Capsules
NDC 0002-3250-30
PU 3250
Strattera®
atomoxetine capsules
Rx only
80 mg
Each capsule equivalent to 80 mg atomoxetine
Do not use if Lilly inner seal is missing or broken.
www.Strattera.com
Lilly
PACKAGE LABEL - Strattera 100 mg bottle of 30
30 Capsules
NDC 0002-3251-30
PU 3251
Strattera®
atomoxetine capsules
Rx only
100 mg
Each capsule equivalent to 100 mg atomoxetine
Do not use if Lilly inner seal is missing or broken.
www.Strattera.com
Lilly
PACKAGE LABEL - Strattera Titration Pack 10mg, 18mg, 25mg, 40mg - 45ct
5 X 10 mg Capsules PU 3227
5 X 18 mg Capsules PU 3238
5 X 25 mg Capsules PU 3228
30 X 40 mg Capsules PU 3229
Strattera®
atomoxetine capsules
10, 18, 25, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg
This sample pack is recommended for children and adolescents whose weight is 63-74 lbs (28.6-33.6 kg).
Rx only
FREE SAMPLE
10 mg
Each capsule equivalent to 10 mg atomoxetine
18 mg
Each capsule equivalent to 18 mg atomoxetine
25 mg
Each capsule equivalent to 25 mg atomoxetine
40 mg
Each capsule equivalent to 40 mg atomoxetine
www.Strattera.com
Lilly
LIFT TO OPEN
PACKAGE LABEL - Strattera Titration Pack 18mg, 25mg, 40mg, 60mg - 45ct
5 X 18 mg Capsules PU 3238
5 X 25 mg Capsules PU 3228
5 X 40 mg Capsules PU 3229
30 X 60 mg Capsules PU 3239
Strattera®
atomoxetine capsules
10, 18, 25, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg
This sample pack is recommended for children and adolescents whose weight is 95-110 lbs (43.1-50.0 kg).
Rx only
FREE SAMPLE
18 mg
Each capsule equivalent to 18 mg atomoxetine
25 mg
Each capsule equivalent to 25 mg atomoxetine
40 mg
Each capsule equivalent to 40 mg atomoxetine
60 mg
Each capsule equivalent to 60 mg atomoxetine
www.Strattera.com
Lilly
LIFT TO OPEN
PACKAGE LABEL - Strattera Titration Pack 25mg, 40mg, 60mg, 80mg - 45ct
5 X 25 mg Capsules PU 3228
5 X 40 mg Capsules PU 3229
5 X 60 mg Capsules PU 3239
30 X 80 mg Capsules PU 3250
Strattera®
atomoxetine capsules
10, 18, 25, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg
This sample pack is recommended for ADULTS. This sample pack is also recommended for children and adolescents whose weight is 126-147 lbs (57.2-66.8 kg) and above 154 lbs (70.0 kg).
Rx only
FREE SAMPLE
25 mg
Each capsule equivalent to 25 mg atomoxetine
40 mg
Each capsule equivalent to 40 mg atomoxetine
60 mg
Each capsule equivalent to 60 mg atomoxetine
80 mg
Each capsule equivalent to 80 mg atomoxetine
www.Strattera.com
Lilly
LIFT TO OPEN
Strattera atomoxetine hydrochloride capsule |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
Strattera atomoxetine hydrochloride capsule |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
Strattera atomoxetine hydrochloride capsule |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
Strattera atomoxetine hydrochloride capsule |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
Strattera atomoxetine hydrochloride capsule |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
Strattera atomoxetine hydrochloride capsule |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
Strattera atomoxetine hydrochloride capsule |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Strattera atomoxetine hydrochloride kit |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Strattera atomoxetine hydrochloride kit |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Strattera atomoxetine hydrochloride kit |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Labeler - Eli Lilly and Company (006421325) |
Revised: 07/2017
Eli Lilly and Company