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【药品名称】骁悉 

【通用名称】麦考酚酸酯片 

【药理毒理】麦考酚酸酯片（MPA）的2-吗啉代乙酯。MPA是一种强大的，选择性的。非竞争性和可逆性的一磷酸次黄（嘌呤核）苷脱氢酶抑制剂，因此能够抑制鸟嘌呤核苷的从头合成途径使之不形成DNA。MPA对淋巴细胞具有比对其它细胞更强的抑制细胞生长作用。本品对于预防器官排异反应和治疗同种肾移植病人难治性器官排异反应有高效。 

【药代动力学】吸收当口服后，本药吸收迅速完全，并完成体前代谢，转化为活性代谢产物MPA。根据MPA的AUC，本药口服后的平均生物利用度相对于静注为94%，本药在口服后血浆浓度尚不能系统性地测出。肾移植病人，在移植后的早期（移植后40天内），同移植后晚期相比（移植后3-6个月），MPA的平均AUCS大约低30%。平均cmax大约低于40%。肾移植病人，1.5克，b.i.d，食物对麦考酚酸酯片的吸收量无影响（MPAAUC）。但食物存在时，MPA的Cmax可降低40%。分布服药后6-12小时后可观察至血浆MPA浓度的第二次升高，符合肝肠循环。联合服用消胆胺（4克，t,i.d），MPA的AUC大约降低40%，与肝肠循环的中断一致。在临床相关浓度，97%的MPA与血浆蛋白结合。代谢MPA主要通过葡萄糖醛酸转化酶形成MPA的葡萄糖甘酸酚（MPAG），后者不是药理是学上的活性成份。在体内，MPAG通过肝肠再循环被转化成自由MPA。消除只有少量以MPA原形从尿液中排出（不足剂量的1%）。口服放射标记的本药后，几乎可在体内发现原有剂量。服用后药量的93%在尿在发现，6%在粪便中发现，大多数（81%）口服药量以MPAG形式从尿液中排出。特殊临床情况下的药代动力学严重肾功能不全的病人在一个单剂研究中（每组6个试验对象），严重慢性肾功能不全的受试者（肾小球滤过率小于25毫升/分钟/1.73平方米）血浆MPA的AUC比正常健康受试者或轻度肾功能不全的受试者高28-75%。单次服用后，严重肾功能不全受试者或轻度肾功能不全的受试者MPAG的AUC比轻度肾功能受损或正常健康受试者高3-6倍，这与我们已知的MPAG由肾脏消除一致。对严重慢性肾功不全病人，多剂量麦考酚酸酯片的代谢情况尚未被研究。术后肾移植物功能延迟的病人肾移植术后移植物功能延迟的病人平均MPA的AUC0-12与那些植物功能正常的术后病人相比高2-3倍。肝功不全的病人在酒精性肝硬化的志愿中，相对来讲，肝脏对MPA的葡萄糖配合酸化过程未受肝实质疾病的影响。肝脏的疾病对该过程的影响很可能依赖于特殊的疾病。然而，肝胆管病变的肝病患者，如原发胆汁性肝硬化，会显示出不同的效果。老人本品在老年人中的药代动力学数据未被正式研究过。 

【适应症】本品用于预防急性器官排异反应，治疗同种异体肾移植后难治性排异反应，本品应该与环孢霉素和皮质类固醇同时应用。 

【用法用量】预防肾移植排异反应的剂量本品首剂应在移植术后72小时之内口服，在肾移植病人用，推荐每次1克，一天两次（日剂量为2克）。虽然每次1.5克，一天两次（日剂量3克）在临床试验中用过，且是安全和有效的，但并没有效果上的优势。每天接受本品2克的病人在整体安全性方面比接受3克的病人要好。本品应与标准剂量的环孢霉素和皮质类固醇同时应用。治疗难治性肾移植排斥的剂量临床中，对难治性排斥的治疗和维持剂量为每次1.5克，一天两次（日剂量为3克）。所以，每天3克的剂量被推荐用于临床。本品应与标准剂量的环孢霉素和皮质类固醇同时应用。特殊用量指导中性粒细胞减少的病人：如果出现中性细胞减少（中性粒细胞计数，绝对数小于1.3×103/微升），应中断给药或减量，同时应仔细观察病人。严重肾功能损害的病人：对于有严重慢性肾功能损害（肾小球滤过率小于25毫升/分钟/1.73平方米）的肾移植病人，在真渡过了术后早期后，应避免合用大于每次1克，一天两次的剂量。而且这些病人需要严密观察。肾移植的功能延迟的病人：对术后移植物功能延迟的病人，无需高速剂量。严重肝功能不全的病人：对具有严重肝实质疾病的肾移植病人无需剂量调整。（见药代动力学）。老人（大于等于65岁）：对肾移植病人，所推荐的口服每次1克，每天2次的剂量对老年人是合适的。儿童：儿科病人用药的安全性和有效性资料尚未建立。儿科肾移植病人的药代动力学资料非常有限。 

【不良反应】临床经验免疫抑制剂的副作用的发生常不易明确，因为一方面是基础病的存在，另一方面是其它多种药物联合应用。服用麦考酚酸酯片或联合服用麦考酚酸酯片或联合服用麦考酚酸酯片、环孢菌素和皮质类固醇的主要不良反应包括腹泻、白细胞减少，脓毒症和呕吐，还有频繁的某些类型的感染。（见警告）使用本品治疗难治性肾移植排异的安全性与在三组对照的，每日3克、预防排异的试验中观察到的安全性相同。同接受环孢菌素静注治疗的病人相比，腹泻和白细胞减少，伴随贫血、恶心、腹痛、脓毒症、恶心和呕吐、消化不良等不良反应是主要的报道较多的副反应。接受免疫抑制方案的病人，包括合并药物的病人，接受本品作为部分免疫抑制的病人，发生淋巴瘤和恶性肿瘤的危险性增加，尤其是皮肤（见警告）。术后3年内，在免疫方案中接受本品治疗的病人发生淋巴增生性疾病或淋巴瘤，在一个预防肾移植排斥的对照实验中，每天3克的病人的发生率为1.6%，每天2克的病人的发生率为0.6%，安慰剂组为0%，硫唑嘌呤组的发生率为0.6%。在治疗难治性肾移植的对照实验中，平均随访为期42个月的淋巴瘤发生率为3.9%。所有病人机会感染的危险性增高，危险性随免疫抑制负荷增加（见警告）。对肾移植病人，用本品治疗和用咪唑硫嘌呤治疗，病人机会感染的总发生率相似。同年轻人相比，老年人，尤其那些接受本品作为联合免疫抑制方案一部分的病人，一些感染（包括巨细胞病毒属组织侵入病）、可能的胃肠出血的肺水肿的危险增加。本品治疗肾移植排斥的Ⅲ期对照试验，所报告的大于10%和3-﹤10%的不良反应列于下表：身体系统在肾移植病人中所报告的副反应（n=991）*全身反应≧10%无力、发热、头痛、感染、疼痛（包括腹部，背部、和胸部），水肿、脓毒病3-﹤10%囊肿（包括囊状淋巴管瘤和水囊肿），腹部增大，面部水肿，流感综合症、出血、痛、不适，骨盆痛血液和淋巴≧10%贫血（包括血红蛋白过少的贫血），白细胞增多，）leucopenia、血小板减少3-﹤10%淤斑、红细胞增多症泌尿生殖系统≧10%血尿、肾小管坏死，尿道感染3-﹤10%蛋白尿，排尿困难，肾盂积水，阳痿，肾盂肾炎，尿频心血管系统≧10%高血压3-﹤10%心绞痛，房颤，低血压，体位性低血压，心动过速，血栓形成，血管扩张代谢和营养≧10%高胆固醇血，高血糖症，高钾血症，低钾血症，低磷酸盐血症3-﹤10%酸中毒，碱性磷酶升高，酶水平升高（γ-谷氨酰肽酶，乳酸脱氢酶，SGOT和SGPT），肌酐增加，高钙血症，高脂血症，血容量过多，低钙血症，低血糖症，低蛋白血症，高尿酸血症，体重增加消化≧10%便秘，腹泻，消化不良，恶心，呕吐，口腔溃疡3-﹤10%肝功异常，厌食，胃肠胀气，胃肠炎，胃肠出血，胃肠溃疡，龈炎，牙龈增生，肝炎，肠梗阻，食管炎，口炎呼吸系统≧10%咳嗽增加，呼吸困难，咽炎、肺炎、支气管炎3-﹤10%哮喘，胸膜腔积液，肺水肿，鼻炎，鼻窦炎皮肤及附属物≧10%痤疮，单纯疱疹3-﹤10%脱发，皮肤良性外生物，霉菌性皮炎，带状疱疹，多毛症，瘙痒，皮癌，皮肤肥大，出汗，皮肤溃疡，疹神经≧10%头昏、失眠、震颤3-﹤10%不安、抑郁、张力过高，感觉异常，嗜睡肌肉和骨骼≧10%3-﹤10%关节痛，腿痛性痉挛，肌痛，肌无力感觉≧10%3-﹤10%弱视，白内障，结膜炎内分泌糖尿病、甲状旁脉功能失调上市后的经验消化系统：结肠炎（有时由巨细胞病毒属引起），胰腺炎。免疫抑制紊乱：严重的威胁生命的感染，例如：脑膜炎和感染性心内膜炎偶有报道，有证据表明一定类型的感染如结核和非典型微生物感染有较高的发生频率。呼吸系统：肺间质异常，包括致命的肺纤维化少有报道，但在移植后服用本品的患者中如出现呼吸困难，呼吸衰竭等肺部症状时，应考虑从此方面加以诊断。本品上市后的其他副反应同在对照的肾移植研究中的副反应相似。 

【禁忌】本品的过敏反应已被观察到。因此，本品禁用于对于麦考酚酸酯片和麦考酚酸有超过敏反应的患者。警告接受免疫抑制剂治疗的患者，包括联合用药，接受本品作为部分免疫抑制汉疗，发生淋巴瘤及其它恶性肿瘤的危险性增加，特别是皮肤。危险性与免疫抑制的强度和疗程有关，而与特定的免疫抑剂无关。 由于所有病人发生皮肤癌的危险性增加，应通过穿防护衣或高防护因子的防晒霜来限制暴露于阳光和紫外线下。免疫系统的过度抑制可增加对感染的易感性，包括机会致病性感染，致死感染和脓毒病。 

【注意事项】在临床试验中，本品同以下药品合并给药以预防肾移植的排异发生：抗胸膜细胞球蛋白，OKT3，环孢霉素，皮质类固醇；本品和环胞霉素，皮质类固醇，抗胸膜细胞球蛋白或OKT3合用来治疗难治性肾排异发生。实验室监测：接受本品治疗的病人应做全血计数。治疗第一个月每周一次：第2，3个月内每月两次；以后的一年内每月一次。接受本品治疗的病人应监测中性粒细胞。中性粒细胞的发展可能与本品，伴随治疗，病毒感染或以上原因的联合有关。如有中性粒细胞减少（绝对中性计数小于1.3×103/微升），本品治疗应中断或减量，而这些病人应接受严密观察。应告知接受本品治疗的病人立即汇报任何感染症状，意外青肿，出血或其他骨髓抑制的表现。应忠告病人在本品的治疗过程中，接种也许是低效的。应该避免使用减毒活疫苗。流感接种是有益的。对流感准则，处方者应参考国际准则。本品同消化系统副反应的发生率增高有关，包括频繁的肾肠道溃疡，出血，穿孔

MYFORTIC® 
(mycophenolic acid) Delayed-release Tablets

WARNING

EMBRYOFETAL TOXICITY, MALIGNANCIES, AND SERIOUS INFECTIONS

Use during pregnancy is associated with increased risks of pregnancy loss and congenital malformations. Females of reproductive potential must be counseled regarding pregnancy prevention and planning [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, Use in Specific Populations].

Increased risk of development of lymphoma and other malignancies, particularly of the skin, due to immunosuppression [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Increased susceptibility to bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoal infections, including opportunistic infections [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Only physicians experienced in immunosuppressive therapy and management of organ transplant patients should prescribe Myfortic. Patients receiving Myfortic should be managed in facilities equipped and staffed with adequate laboratory and supportive medical resources. The physician responsible for maintenance therapy should have complete information requisite for the follow-up of the patient [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

DESCRIPTION

Myfortic® (mycophenolic acid) delayed-release tablets are an enteric formulation of mycophenolatesodium that delivers the active moiety mycophenolic acid (MPA). Myfortic is an immunosuppressive agent. As the sodium salt, MPA is chemically designated as (E)-6-(4-hydroxy-6-methoxy-7-methyl-3-oxo-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-yl)-4-methylhex-4- enoic acid sodium salt.

Its empirical formula is C17H19O6Na. The molecular weight is 342.32 and the structural formula is:

Myfortic, as the sodium salt, is a white to off-white, crystalline powder and is highly soluble in aqueous media at physiological pH and practically insoluble in 0.1N hydrochloric acid.

Myfortic is available for oral use as delayed-release tablets containing either 180 mg or 360 mg of mycophenolic acid.

Inactive ingredients include colloidal silicon dioxide, crospovidone, lactose anhydrous, magnesium stearate, povidone (K-30), and starch. The enteric coating of the tablet consists of hypromellose phthalate, titanium dioxide, iron oxide yellow, and indigotine (180 mg) or iron oxide red (360 mg).

Indications

INDICATIONSProphylaxis Of Organ Rejection In Kidney Transplant

Myfortic® (mycophenolic acid) is indicated for the prophylaxis of organ rejection in adult patients receiving a kidney transplant.

Myfortic is indicated for the prophylaxis of organ rejection in pediatric patients 5 years of age and older who are at least 6 months post kidney transplant.

Myfortic is to be used in combination with cyclosporine and corticosteroids.

Limitations Of Use

Myfortic delayed-release tablets and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) tablets and capsules should not be used interchangeably without physician supervision because the rate of absorption following the administration of these two products is not equivalent.

Dosage

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATIONDosage In Adult Kidney Transplant Patients

The recommended dose of Myfortic is 720 mg administered twice daily (1440 mg total daily dose).

Dosage In Pediatric Kidney Transplant Patients

The recommended dose of Myfortic in conversion (at least 6 months post-transplant) pediatric patients age 5 years and older is 400 mg/m² body surface area (BSA) administered twice daily (up to a maximum dose of 720 mg administered twice daily).

Administration

Myfortic tablets should be taken on an empty stomach, 1 hour before or 2 hours after food intake [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Myfortic tablets should not be crushed, chewed, or cut prior to ingesting. The tablets should be swallowed whole in order to maintain the integrity of the enteric coating.

Pediatric patients with a BSA of 1.19 to 1.58 m² may be dosed either with three Myfortic 180 mg tablets, or one 180 mg tablet plus one 360 mg tablet twice daily (1080 mg daily dose). Patients with a BSA of > 1.58 m² may be dosed either with four Myfortic 180 mg tablets, or two Myfortic 360 mg tablets twice daily (1440 mg daily dose). Pediatric doses for patients with BSA < 1.19 m² cannot be accurately administered using currently available formulations of Myfortic tablets.

HOW SUPPLIEDDosage Forms And Strengths

Myfortic is available as 360 mg and 180 mg tablets.

Table 1: Description of Myfortic (mycophenolic acid) Delayed-Release Tablets

Storage And Handling

360 mg tablet: Pale orange-red film-coated ovaloid tablet with imprint (debossing) “CT” on one side, containing 360 mg mycophenolic acid (MPA) as mycophenolate sodium.

Bottles of 120.................NDC 0078-0386-66

180 mg tablet: Lime green film-coated round tablet with bevelled edges and the imprint (debossing) “C” on one side, containing 180 mg mycophenolic acid (MPA) as mycophenolate sodium.

Bottles of 120.................NDC 0078-0385-66

Storage

Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15-30°C (59-86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Protect from moisture. Dispense in a tight container (USP).

Handling

Keep out of reach and sight of children. Myfortic tablets should not be crushed or cut in order to maintain the integrity of the enteric coating [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].

Teratogenic effects have been observed with mycophenolate sodium [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. If for any reason, the Myfortic tablets must be crushed, avoid inhalation of the powder, or direct contact of the powder, with skin or mucous membranes.

Distributed by: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936. Revised: Apr 2016

Side Effects

SIDE EFFECTS

The following adverse reactions are discussed in greater detail in other sections of the label.

· Embryofetal Toxicity [see BOXED WARNING, WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]

· Lymphomas and Other Malignancies [see BOXED WARNING, WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]

· Serious Infections [see BOXED WARNING, WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]

· New or Reactivated Viral Infections [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]

· Blood Dyscrasias Including Pure Red Cell Aplasia [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]

· Serious GI Tract Complications [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]

· Rare Hereditary Deficiencies [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]

Clinical Studies Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

The data described below derive from two randomized, comparative, active-controlled, double-blind, double-dummy trials in prevention of acute rejection in de novo and converted stable kidney transplant patients.

In the de novo trial, patients were administered either Myfortic 1.44 grams per day (N=213) or MMF 2 grams per day (N=210) within 48 hours post-transplant for 12 months in combination with cyclosporine, USP MODIFIED and corticosteroids. Forty-one percent of patients also received antibody therapy as induction treatment. In the conversion trial, renal transplant patients who were at least 6 months post-transplant and receiving 2 grams per day MMF in combination with cyclosporine USP MODIFIED, with or without corticosteroids for at least two weeks prior to entry in the trial were randomized to Myfortic 1.44 grams per day (N=159) or MMF 2 grams per day (N=163) for 12 months.

The average age of patients in both studies was 47 years and 48 years (de novo study and conversion study, respectively), ranging from 22 to 75 years. Approximately 66% of patients were male; 82% were white, 12% were black, and 6% other races. About 40% of patients were from the United States and 60% from other countries.

In the de novo trial, the overall incidence of discontinuation due to adverse reactions was 18% (39/213) and 17% (35/210) in the Myfortic and MMF arms, respectively. The most common adverse reactions leading to discontinuation in the Myfortic arm were graft loss (2%), diarrhea (2%), vomiting (1%), renal impairment (1%), CMV infection (1%), and leukopenia (1%). The overall incidence of patients reporting dose reduction at least once during the 0 to 12 month study period was 59% and 60% in the Myfortic and MMF arms, respectively. The most frequent reasons for dose reduction in the Myfortic arm were adverse reactions (44%), dose reductions according to protocol guidelines (17%), dosing errors (11%) and missing data (2%).

The most common adverse reactions ( ≥ 20%) associated with the administration of Myfortic were anemia, leukopenia, constipation, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, dyspepsia, urinary tract infection, CMV infection, insomnia, and postoperative pain.

The adverse reactions reported in ≥ 10% of patients in the de novo trial are presented in Table 2 below.

Table 2: Adverse Reactions (%) Reported in ≥ 10% of de novo Kidney Transplant Patients in Either Treatment Group

Table 3 summarizes the incidence of opportunistic infections in de novo transplant patients.

Table 3: Viral and Fungal Infections (%) Reported Over 0 to 12 Months

Lymphoma developed in 2 de novo patients (1%), (1 diagnosed 9 days after treatment initiation) and in 2 conversion patients (1%) receiving Myfortic with other immunosuppressive agents in the 12-month controlled clinical trials.

Nonmelanoma skin carcinoma occurred in 1% de novo and 12% conversion patients. Other types of malignancy occurred in 1% de novo and 1% conversion patients [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

The adverse reactions reported in < 10% of de novo or conversion patients treated with Myfortic in combination with cyclosporine and corticosteroids are listed in Table 4.

Table 4: Adverse Reactions Reported in < 10% of Patients Treated with Myfortic in Combination with Cyclosporine* and Corticosteroids

The following additional adverse reactions have been associated with the exposure to mycophenolic acid (MPA) when administered as a sodium salt or as mofetil ester:

Gastrointestinal: Intestinal perforation, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, gastric ulcers, duodenal ulcers [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS], colitis (including CMV colitis), pancreatitis, esophagitis, and ileus.

Infections: Serious life-threatening infections such as meningitis and infectious endocarditis, tuberculosis, and atypical mycobacterial infection [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Respiratory: Interstitial lung disorders, including fatal pulmonary fibrosis.

Postmarketing Experience

The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of Myfortic or other MPA derivatives. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

· Congenital malformations including ear, facial, cardiac and nervous system malformations and an increased incidence of first trimester pregnancy loss have been reported following exposure to MMF during pregnancy [see BOXED WARNING, WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

· Infections [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]

o Cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), sometimes fatal.

o Polyomavirus associated nephropathy (PVAN), especially due to BK virus infection, associated with serious outcomes, including deteriorating renal function and renal graft loss.

o Viral reactivation in patients infected with HBV or HCV.

· Cases of pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) have been reported in patients treated with MPA derivatives in combination with other immunosuppressive agents [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

The following additional adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use of Myfortic: agranulocytosis, asthenia, osteomyelitis, lymphadenopathy, lymphopenia, wheezing, dry mouth, gastritis, peritonitis, anorexia, alopecia, pulmonary edema, Kaposi's sarcoma.

Drug Interactions

DRUG INTERACTIONSAntacids With Magnesium And Aluminum Hydroxides

Concomitant use of Myfortic and antacids decreased plasma concentrations of mycophenolic acid (MPA). It is recommended that Myfortic and antacids not be administered simultaneously [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Azathioprine

Given that azathioprine and MMF inhibit purine metabolism, it is recommended that Myfortic not be administered concomitantly with azathioprine or MMF.

Cholestyramine, Bile Acid Sequestrates, Oral Activated Charcoal And Other Drugs That Interfere With Enterohepatic Recirculation

Drugs that interrupt enterohepatic recirculation may decrease MPA plasma concentrations when coadministered with MMF. Therefore, do not administer Myfortic with cholestyramine or other agents that may interfere with enterohepatic recirculation or drugs that may bind bile acids, e.g., bile acid sequestrates or oral activated charcoal, because of the potential to reduce the efficacy of Myfortic [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Sevelamer

Concomitant administration of sevelamer and MMF may decrease MPA plasma concentrations. Sevelamer and other calcium free phosphate binders should not be administered simultaneously with Myfortic [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Cyclosporine

Cyclosporine inhibits the enterohepatic recirculation of MPA, and therefore, MPA plasma concentrations may be decreased when Myfortic is coadministered with cyclosporine. Clinicians should be aware that there is also a potential change of MPA plasma concentrations after switching from cyclosporine to other immunosuppressive drugs or from other immunosuppressive drugs to cyclosporine in patients concomitantly receiving Myfortic [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Norfloxacin And Metronidazole

MPA plasma concentrations may be decreased when MMF is administrated with norfloxacin and metronidazole. Therefore, Myfortic is not recommended to be given with the combination of norfloxacin and metronidazole. Although there will be no effect on MPA plasma concentrations when Myfortic is concomitantly administered with norfloxacin or metronidazole when given separately [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Rifampin

The concomitant administration of MMF and rifampin may decrease MPA plasma concentrations. Therefore, Myfortic is not recommended to be given with rifampin concomitantly unless the benefit outweighs the risk [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Hormonal Contraceptives

In a drug interaction study, mean levonorgestrel AUC was decreased by 15% when coadministered with MMF. Although Myfortic may not have any influence on the ovulation-suppressing action of oral contraceptives, it is recommended to coadminister Myfortic with hormonal contraceptives (e.g., birth control pill, transdermal patch, vaginal ring, injection, and implant) with caution, and additional barrier contraceptive methods must be used [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, Use in Specific Populations, and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Acyclovir (Valacyclovir), Ganciclovir (Valganciclovir), And Other Drugs That Undergo Renal Tubular Secretion

The coadministration of MMF and acyclovir or ganciclovir may increase plasma concentrations of mycophenolic acid glucuronide (MPAG) and acyclovir/valacyclovir/ganciclovir/valganciclovir as their coexistence competes for tubular secretion. Both acyclovir/valacyclovir/ganciclovir/valganciclovir and MPAG concentrations will be also increased in the presence of renal impairment.

Acyclovir/valacyclovir/ganciclovir/ valganciclovir may be taken with Myfortic; however, during the period of treatment, physicians should monitor blood cell counts [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Ciprofloxacin, Amoxicillin Plus Clavulanic Acid And Other Drugs That Alter The Gastrointestinal Flora

Drugs that alter the gastrointestinal flora such as ciprofloxacin or amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid may interact with MMF by disrupting enterohepatic recirculation. Interference of MPAG hydrolysis may lead to less MPA available for absorption when Myfortic is concomitantly administered with ciprofloxacin or amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid. The clinical relevance of this interaction is unclear; however, no dose adjustment of Myfortic is needed when coadministered with these drugs [seeCLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Pantoprazole

Administration of a pantoprazole at a dose of 40 mg twice daily for 4 days to healthy volunteers did not alter the pharmacokinetics of a single dose of Myfortic [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Warnings & Precautions

WARNINGS

Included as part of the PRECAUTIONS section.

PRECAUTIONSEmbryofetal Toxicity

Use of Myfortic during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of first trimester pregnancy loss and an increased risk of congenital malformations, especially external ear and other facial abnormalities including cleft lip and palate, and anomalies of the distal limbs, heart, esophagus, kidney, and nervous system [see Use in Specific Populations].

Pregnancy Exposure Prevention And Planning

Females of reproductive potential must be aware of the increased risk of first trimester pregnancy loss and congenital malformations and must be counseled regarding pregnancy prevention and planning. For recommended pregnancy testing and contraception methods [see Use in Specific Populations].

Management Of Immunosuppression

Only physicians experienced in immunosuppressive therapy and management of organ transplant patients should prescribe Myfortic. Patients receiving the drug should be managed in facilities equipped and staffed with adequate laboratory and supportive medical resources. The physicians responsible for maintenance therapy should have complete information requisite for the follow-up of the patient [see BOXED WARNING].

Lymphoma And Other Malignancies

Patients receiving immunosuppressants, including Myfortic, are at increased risk of developing lymphomas and other malignancies, particularly of the skin [see ADVERSE REACTIONS]. The risk appears to be related to the intensity and duration of immunosuppression rather than to the use of any specific agent.

As usual for patients with increased risk for skin cancer, exposure to sunlight and UV light should be limited by wearing protective clothing and using a sunscreen with a high protection factor.

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) has been reported in immunosuppressed organ transplant recipients. The majority of PTLD events appear related to Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) infection. The risk of PTLD appears greatest in those individuals who are EBV seronegative, a population which includes many young children.

Serious Infections

Patients receiving immunosuppressants, including Myfortic, are at increased risk of developing bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoal infections, and new or reactivated viral infections including opportunistic infections [see New Or Reactivated Viral Infections]. These infections may lead to serious, including fatal outcomes. Because of the danger of oversuppression of the immune systemwhich can increase susceptibility to infection, combination immunosuppressant therapy should be used with caution.

New Or Reactivated Viral Infections

Polyomavirus associated nephropathy (PVAN), JC virus associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections, reactivation of hepatitis B (HBV) or hepatitis C (HCV) have been reported in patients treated with immunosuppressants, including the mycophenolic acid (MPA) derivatives Myfortic and MMF. Reduction in immunosuppression should be considered for patients who develop evidence of new or reactivated viral infections. Physicians should also consider the risk that reduced immunosuppression represents to the functioning allograft.

PVAN, especially due to BK virus infection, is associated with serious outcomes, including deteriorating renal function and renal graft loss. Patient monitoring may help detect patients at risk for PVAN.

PML, which is sometimes fatal, commonly presents with hemiparesis, apathy, confusion, cognitivedeficiencies, and ataxia. Risk factors for PML include treatment with immunosuppressant therapies and impairment of immune function. In immunosuppressed patients, physicians should consider PML in the differential diagnosis in patients reporting neurological symptoms and consultation with a neurologist should be considered as clinically indicated.

The risk of CMV viremia and CMV disease is highest among transplant recipients seronegative for CMV at time of transplant who receive a graft from a CMV seropositive donor. Therapeutic approaches to limiting CMV disease exist and should be routinely provided. Patient monitoring may help detect patients at risk for CMV disease. [see ADVERSE REACTIONS].

Viral reactivation has been reported in patients infected with HBV or HCV. Monitoring infected patients for clinical and laboratory signs of active HBV or HCV infection is recommended.

Blood Dyscrasias Including Pure Red Cell Aplasia

Cases of pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) have been reported in patients treated with MPA derivatives in combination with other immunosuppressive agents. The mechanism for MPA derivatives induced PRCA is unknown; the relative contribution of other immunosuppressants and their combinations in an immunosuppressive regimen is also unknown. In some cases PRCA was found to be reversible with dose reduction or cessation of therapy with MPA derivatives. In transplant patients, however, reduced immunosuppression may place the graft at risk. Changes to Myfortic therapy should only be undertaken under appropriate supervision in transplant recipients in order to minimize the risk of graft rejection.

Patients receiving Myfortic should be monitored for blood dyscrasias (e.g., neutropenia or anemia). The development of neutropenia may be related to Myfortic itself, concomitant medications, viral infections, or some combination of these reactions. Complete blood count should be performed weekly during the first month, twice monthly for the second and the third month of treatment, then monthly through the first year. If blood dyscrasias occur [neutropenia develops (ANC < 1.3 x 103/mcL) or anemia], dosing with Myfortic should be interrupted or the dose reduced, appropriate tests performed, and the patient managed accordingly.

Serious GI Tract Complications

Gastrointestinal bleeding (requiring hospitalization), intestinal perforations, gastric ulcers, and duodenal ulcers have been reported in patients treated with Myfortic. Myfortic should be administered with caution in patients with active serious digestive system disease.

Immunizations

The use of live attenuated vaccines should be avoided during treatment with Myfortic; examples include (but not limited to) the following: intranasal influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, oral polio, BCG, yellow fever, varicella, and TY21a typhoid vaccines.

Rare Hereditary Deficiencies

Myfortic is an inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor (IMPDH Inhibitor). Myfortic should be avoided in patients with rare hereditary deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl-transferase (HGPRT) such as Lesch-Nyhan and Kelley-Seegmiller syndromes because it may cause an exacerbation of disease symptoms characterized by the overproduction and accumulation of uric acid leading to symptoms associated with gout such as acute arthritis, tophi, nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis and renal disease including renal failure.

Patient Counseling Information

See FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide)

Embryofetal Toxicity

· Inform pregnant women and females of reproductive potential that use of Myfortic in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of first trimester pregnancy loss and an increased risk of congenital malformations [see Use in Specific Populations].

· In the event of a positive pregnancy test, discuss the risks and benefits of Myfortic with the patient. Encourage her to enroll in the pregnancy registry. (1-800-617-8191). [see Use in Specific Populations].

Pregnancy Exposure Prevention And Planning

· Discuss pregnancy testing, pregnancy prevention and planning with females of reproductive potential [see Females of Reproductive Potential].

· Inform females of reproductive potential must use acceptable birth control during entire Myfortic therapy and for 6 weeks after stopping Myfortic, unless the patient chooses to avoid heterosexual sexual intercourse completely (abstinence) [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONSand Females of Reproductive Potential].

· For patients who are considering pregnancy, discuss appropriate alternative immunosuppressants with less potential for embryofetal toxicity. Risks and benefits of Myfortic should be discussed with the patient [see Females of Reproductive Potential].

Nursing Mothers

Advise patients that they should not breastfeed during Myfortic therapy [see Nursing Mothers].

Development Of Lymphoma And Other Malignancies

· Inform patients they are at increased risk of developing lymphomas and other malignancies, particularly of the skin, due to immunosuppression.

· Advise patients to limit exposure to sunlight and ultraviolet (UV) light by wearing protective clothing and use a sunscreen with a high protection factor.

Increased Risk Of Infection

Inform patients they are at increased risk of developing a variety of infections, including opportunistic infections, due to immunosuppression and to contact their physician if they develop any symptoms of infection [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Blood Dyscrasias

Inform patients they are at increased risk for developing blood dyscrasias (e.g., neutropenia or anemia) and to immediately contact their healthcare provider if they experience any evidence of infection, unexpected bruising, bleeding, or any other manifestation of bone marrow suppression [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Gastrointestinal Tract Complications

Inform patients that Myfortic can cause gastrointestinal tract complications including bleeding, intestinal perforations, and gastric or duodenal ulcers. Advise the patient to contact their healthcare provider if they have symptoms of gastrointestinal bleeding or sudden onset or persistent abdominal pain [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Immunizations

Inform patients that Myfortic can interfere with the usual response to immunizations and that they should avoid live vaccines [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Administration Instructions

Advise patients to swallow Myfortic tablets whole, and not crush, chew, or cut the tablets. Inform patients to take Myfortic on an empty stomach, 1 hour before or 2 hours after food intake.

Drug Interactions

Patients should be advised to report to their doctor the use of any other medications while taking Myfortic. The simultaneous administration of any of the following drugs with Myfortic may result in clinically significant adverse reactions:

Antacids with magnesium and aluminum hydroxides
Azathioprine
Cholestyramine
Hormonal Contraceptives (e.g., birth control pill, transdermal patch, vaginal ring, injection, and implant)

Nonclinical ToxicologyCarcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of Fertility

In a 104-week oral carcinogenicity study in rats, mycophenolate sodium was not tumorigenic at daily doses up to 9 mg per kg, the highest dose tested. This dose resulted in approximately 0.6 to 1.2 times the systemic exposure (based on plasma AUC) observed in renal transplant patients at the recommended dose of 1440 mg per day. Similar results were observed in a parallel study in rats performed with MMF. In a 104-week oral carcinogenicity study in mice, MMF was not tumorigenic at a daily dose level as high as 180 mg per kg (which corresponds to 0.6 times the recommended mycophenolate sodium therapeutic dose, based on body surface area).

The genotoxic potential of mycophenolate sodium was determined in five assays. Mycophenolate sodium was genotoxic in the mouse lymphoma/thymidine kinase assay, the micronucleus test in V79 Chinese hamster cells, and the in vivo mouse micronucleus assay. Mycophenolate sodium was not genotoxic in the bacterial mutation assay (Salmonella typhimurium TA 1535, 97a, 98, 100, and 102) or the chromosomal aberration assay in human lymphocytes.

Mycophenolate mofetil generated similar genotoxic activity. The genotoxic activity of mycophenolic acid (MPA) is probably due to the depletion of the nucleotide pool required for DNA synthesis as a result of the pharmacodynamic mode of action of MPA (inhibition of nucleotide synthesis).

Mycophenolate sodium had no effect on male rat fertility at daily oral doses as high as 18 mg per kg and exhibited no testicular or spermatogenic effects at daily oral doses of 20 mg per kg for 13 weeks (approximately 2 times the systemic exposure of MPA at the recommended therapeutic dose). No effects on female fertility were seen up to a daily dose of 20 mg per kg (approximately 3 times the systemic exposure of MPA at the recommended therapeutic dose).

Use In Specific PopulationsPregnancyPregnancy Category D

[See WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]

For those females using Myfortic at any time during pregnancy and those becoming pregnant within 6 weeks of discontinuing therapy, the healthcare practitioner should report the pregnancy to the Mycophenolate Pregnancy Registry (1-800-617-8191). The healthcare practitioner should strongly encourage the patient to enroll in the pregnancy registry. The information provided to the registry will help the Health Care Community to better understand the effects of mycophenolate in pregnancy.

Risk Summary

Following oral or intravenous (IV) administration, MMF is metabolized to mycophenolic acid (MPA), the active ingredient in Myfortic and the active form of the drug. Use of MMF during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of first trimester pregnancy loss and an increased risk of congenital malformations, especially external ear and other facial abnormalities including cleft lip and palate, and anomalies of the distal limbs, heart, esophagus, kidney and nervous system. In animal studies, congenital malformations and pregnancy loss occurred when pregnant rats and rabbits received mycophenolic acid at dose multiples similar to and less than clinical doses.

Risks and benefits of Myfortic should be discussed with the patient. When appropriate, consider alternative immunosuppressants with less potential for embryofetal toxicity. In certain situations, the patient and her healthcare practitioner may decide that the maternal benefits outweigh the risks to the fetus. If this drug is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus.

Data

Human Data

In the National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry (NTPR), there were data on 33 MMF-exposed pregnancies in 24 transplant patients; there were 15 spontaneous abortions (45%) and 18 live-born infants. Four of these 18 infants had structural malformations (22%). In postmarketing data (collected from 1995 to 2007) on 77 women exposed to systemic MMF during pregnancy, 25 had spontaneous abortions and 14 had a malformed infant or fetus. Six of 14 malformed offspring had ear abnormalities. Because these postmarketing data are reported voluntarily, it is not always possible to reliably estimate the frequency of particular adverse outcomes. These malformations are similar to findings in animal reproductive toxicology studies. For comparison, the background rate for congenital anomalies in the United States is about 3%, and NTPR data show a rate of 4%-5% among babies born to organ transplant patients using other immunosuppressive drugs. There are no relevant qualitative or quantitative differences in the teratogenic potential of mycophenolate sodium and MMF.

Animal Data

In a teratology study performed with mycophenolate sodium in rats, at a dose as low as 1 mg per kg, malformations in the offspring were observed, including anophthalmia, exencephaly, and umbilical hernia. The systemic exposure at this dose represents 0.05 times the clinical exposure at the dose of 1440 mg per day Myfortic. In teratology studies in rabbits, fetal resorptions and malformations occurred at doses equal to or greater than 80 mg per kg per day, in the absence of maternal toxicity (which corresponds to about 1.1 times the recommended clinical dose, based on body surface area).

Nursing Mothers

It is not known whether MPA is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk and because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from Myfortic, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.

Pediatric Use

The safety and effectiveness of Myfortic have been established in pediatric kidney transplantpatients 5 to 16 years of age who were initiated on Myfortic at least 6 months post-transplant. Use of Myfortic in this age group is supported by evidence from adequate and well-controlled studies of Myfortic in a similar population of adult kidney transplant patients with additional pharmacokinetic data in pediatric kidney transplant patients [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. Pediatric doses for patients with BSA < 1.19 m² cannot be accurately administered using currently available formulations of Myfortic tablets.

The safety and effectiveness of Myfortic in de novo pediatric kidney transplant patients and in pediatric kidney transplant patients below the age of 5 years have not been established.

Geriatric Use

Clinical studies of Myfortic did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Of the 372 patients treated with Myfortic in the clinical trials, 6% (N=21) were 65 years of age and older and 0.3% (N=1) were 75 years of age and older. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

Females Of Reproductive PotentialPregnancy Exposure Prevention And Planning

Females of reproductive potential must be made aware of the increased risk of first trimester pregnancy loss and congenital malformations and must be counseled regarding pregnancy prevention and planning.

Females of reproductive potential include girls who have entered puberty and all women who have a uterus and have not passed through menopause. Menopause is the permanent end of menstruationand fertility. Menopause should be clinically confirmed by a patient's healthcare practitioner. Some commonly used diagnostic criteria include 1) 12 months of spontaneous amenorrhea (not amenorrhea induced by a medical condition or medical therapy), or 2) postsurgical from a bilateraloophorectomy.

Pregnancy Testing

To prevent unplanned exposure during pregnancy, females of reproductive potential should have a serum or urine pregnancy test with a sensitivity of at least 25 mIU/mL immediately before starting Myfortic. Another pregnancy test with the same sensitivity should be done 8 to 10 days later. Repeat pregnancy tests should be performed during routine follow-up visits. Results of all pregnancy tests should be discussed with the patient.

In the event of a positive pregnancy test, females should be counseled with regard to whether the maternal benefits of mycophenolate treatment may outweigh the risks to the fetus in certain situations.

Contraception

Females of reproductive potential taking Myfortic must receive contraceptive counseling and use acceptable contraception (see Table 5 for Acceptable Contraception Methods). Patients must use acceptable birth control during entire Myfortic therapy, and for 6 weeks after stopping Myfortic, unless the patient chooses abstinence (she chooses to avoid heterosexual intercourse completely).

Patients should be aware that Myfortic reduces blood levels of the hormones in the oral contraceptive pill and could theoretically reduce its effectiveness [see PATIENT INFORMATION, DRUG INTERACTIONS].

Table 5: Acceptable Contraception Methods for Females of Reproductive Potential
Pick from the following birth control options:

Pregnancy Planning

For patients who are considering pregnancy, consider alternative immunosuppressants with less potential for embryofetal toxicity. Risks and benefits of Myfortic should be discussed with the patient.

Overdosage & Contraindications

OVERDOSESigns And Symptoms

There have been anecdotal reports of deliberate or accidental overdoses with Myfortic, whereas not all patients experienced related adverse reactions.

In those overdose cases in which adverse reactions were reported, the reactions fall within the known safety profile of the class. Accordingly an overdose of Myfortic could possibly result in oversuppression of the immune system and may increase the susceptibility to infection including opportunistic infections, fatal infections and sepsis. If blood dyscrasias occur (e.g., neutropenia with absolute neutrophil count < 1.5 x 103/mcL or anemia), it may be appropriate to interrupt or discontinue Myfortic.

Possible signs and symptoms of acute overdose could include the following: hematological abnormalities such as leukopenia and neutropenia, and gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, and dyspepsia.

Treatment And Management

General supportive measures and symptomatic treatment should be followed in all cases of overdosage. Although dialysis may be used to remove the inactive metabolite mycophenolic acid glucuronide (MPAG), it would not be expected to remove clinically significant amounts of the active moiety, mycophenolic acid, due to the 98% plasma protein binding of mycophenolic acid. By interfering with enterohepatic circulation of mycophenolic acid, activated charcoal or bilesequestrates, such as cholestyramine, may reduce the systemic mycophenolic acid exposure.

CONTRAINDICATIONSHypersensitivity Reactions

Myfortic is contraindicated in patients with a hypersensitivity to mycophenolate sodium, mycophenolic acid, mycophenolate mofetil, or to any of its excipients. Reactions like rash, pruritus,hypotension, and chest pain have been observed in clinical trials and post marketing reports [seeADVERSE REACTIONS].

Clinical Pharmacology

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGYMechanism Of Action

Mycophenolic acid (MPA), an immunosuppressant, is an uncompetitive and reversible inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), and therefore inhibits the de novo pathway of guanosine nucleotide synthesis without incorporation to DNA. T- and B-lymphocytes are critically dependent for their proliferation on de novo synthesis of purines, whereas other cell types can utilize salvage pathways. MPA has cytostatic effects on lymphocytes.

Mycophenolate sodium has been shown to prevent the occurrence of acute rejection in rat models of kidney and heart allotransplantation. Mycophenolate sodium also decreases antibody production in mice.

Pharmacokinetics

Myfortic exhibits linear and dose-proportional pharmacokinetics over the dose-range (360 to 2160 mg) evaluated. The absolute bioavailability of Myfortic in stable renal transplant patients on cyclosporine was 72%. MPA is highly protein bound ( > 98% bound to albumin). The predominant metabolite of MPA is the phenolic glucuronide (MPAG) which is pharmacologically inactive. A minor metabolite AcMPAG which is an acyl glucuronide of MPAG is also formed and has pharmacological activity comparable to MPA. MPAG undergoes renal elimination. A fraction of MPAG also undergoesbiliary excretion, followed by deconjugation by gut flora and subsequent reabsorption as MPA. The mean elimination half-lives of MPA and MPAG ranged between 8 and 16 hours, and 13 and 17 hours, respectively.

Absorption

In vitro studies demonstrated that the enteric-coated Myfortic tablet does not release MPA under acidic conditions (pH < 5) as in the stomach but is highly soluble in neutral pH conditions as in the intestine. Following Myfortic oral administration without food in several pharmacokinetic studies conducted in renal transplant patients, consistent with its enteric-coated formulation, the median delay (Tlag) in the rise of MPA concentration ranged between 0.25 and 1.25 hours and the median time to maximum concentration (Tmax) of MPA ranged between 1.5 and 2.75 hours. In comparison, following the administration of MMF, the median Tmax ranged between 0.5 and 1.0 hours. In stable renal transplant patients on cyclosporine, USP MODIFIED based immunosuppression, gastrointestinal absorption and absolute bioavailability of MPA following the administration of Myfortic delayed-release tablet was 93% and 72%, respectively. Myfortic pharmacokinetics is dose proportional over the dose range of 360 to 2160 mg.

Distribution

The mean (± SD) volume of distribution at steady state and elimination phase for MPA is 54 (± 25) L and 112 (± 48) L, respectively. MPA is highly protein bound to albumin, > 98%. The protein binding of mycophenolic acid glucuronide (MPAG) is 82%. The free MPA concentration may increase under conditions of decreased protein binding (uremia, hepatic failure, and hypoalbuminemia).

Metabolism

MPA is metabolized principally by glucuronyl transferase to glucuronidated metabolites. The phenolic glucuronide of MPA, mycophenolic acid glucuronide (MPAG), is the predominant metabolite of MPA and does not manifest pharmacological activity. The acyl glucuronide is a minor metabolite and has comparable pharmacological activity to MPA. In stable renal transplant patients on cyclosporine, USP MODIFIED based immunosuppression, approximately 28% of the oral Myfortic dose was converted to MPAG by presystemic metabolism. The AUC ratio of MPA:MPAG:acyl glucuronide is approximately 1:24:0.28 at steady state. The mean clearance of MPA was 140 (± 30) mL/min.

Elimination

The majority of MPA dose administered is eliminated in the urine primarily as MPAG ( > 60%) and approximately 3% as unchanged MPA following Myfortic administration to stable renal transplant patients. The mean renal clearance of MPAG was 15.5 (± 5.9) mL/min. MPAG is also secreted in thebile and available for deconjugation by gut flora. MPA resulting from the deconjugation may then be reabsorbed and produce a second peak of MPA approximately 6 to 8 hours after Myfortic dosing. The mean elimination half-life of MPA and MPAG ranged between 8 and 16 hours, and 13 and 17 hours, respectively.

Food Effect

Compared to the fasting state, administration of Myfortic 720 mg with a high-fat meal (55 g fat, 1000 calories) had no effect on the systemic exposure (AUC) of MPA. However, there was a 33% decrease in the maximal concentration (Cmax), a 3.5-hour delay in the Tlag (range, -6 to 18 hours), and 5.0-hour delay in the Tmax (range, -9 to 20 hours) of MPA. To avoid the variability in MPA absorption between doses, Myfortic should be taken on an empty stomach [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].

Pharmacokinetics In Renal Transplant Patients

The mean pharmacokinetic parameters for MPA following the administration of Myfortic in renal transplant patients on cyclosporine, USP MODIFIED based immunosuppression are shown in Table 6. Single-dose Myfortic pharmacokinetics predicts multiple-dose pharmacokinetics. However, in the early post-transplant period, mean MPA AUC and Cmax were approximately one-half of those measured 6 months post-transplant.

After near equimolar dosing of Myfortic 720 mg twice daily and MMF 1000 mg twice daily (739 mg as MPA) in both the single- and multiple-dose cross-over trials, mean systemic MPA exposure (AUC) was similar.

Table 6: Mean ± SD Pharmacokinetic Parameters for MPA Following the Oral Administration of Myfortic to Renal Transplant Patients on Cyclosporine, USP MODIFIED Based Immunosuppression

Specific Populations

Renal Insufficiency: No specific pharmacokinetic studies in individuals with renal impairment were conducted with Myfortic. However, based on studies of renal impairment with MMF, MPA exposure is not expected to be appreciably increased over the range of normal to severely impaired renal function following Myfortic administration.

In contrast, MPAG exposure would be increased markedly with decreased renal function; MPAG exposure being approximately 8-fold higher in the setting of anuria. Although dialysis may be used to remove the inactive metabolite MPAG, it would not be expected to remove clinically significant amounts of the active moiety MPA. This is in large part due to the high plasma protein binding of MPA.

Hepatic Insufficiency: No specific pharmacokinetic studies in individuals with hepatic impairment were conducted with Myfortic. In a single dose (MMF 1000 mg) trial of 18 volunteers with alcoholic cirrhosis and 6 healthy volunteers, hepatic MPA glucuronidation processes appeared to be relatively unaffected by hepatic parenchymal disease when the pharmacokinetic parameters of healthy volunteers and alcoholic cirrhosis patients within this trial were compared. However, it should be noted that for unexplained reasons, the healthy volunteers in this trial had about a 50% lower AUC compared to healthy volunteers in other studies, thus making comparison between volunteers with alcoholic cirrhosis and healthy volunteers difficult. Effects of hepatic disease on this process probably depend on the particular disease. Hepatic disease, such as primary biliary cirrhosis, with other etiologies may show a different effect.

Pediatrics: Limited data are available on the use of Myfortic at a dose of 450 mg/m² body surface area in children. The mean MPA pharmacokinetic parameters for stable pediatric renal transplant patients, 5 to 16 years, on cyclosporine, USP MODIFIED are shown in Table 6. At the same dose administered based on body surface area, the respective mean Cmax and AUC of MPA determined in children were higher by 33% and 18% than those determined for adults. The clinical impact of the increase in MPA exposure is not known [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].

Gender: There are no significant gender differences in Myfortic pharmacokinetics.

Elderly: Pharmacokinetics in the elderly have not been formally studied.

Ethnicity: Following a single dose administration of 720 mg of Myfortic to 18 Japanese and 18 Caucasian healthy subjects, the exposure (AUCinf) for MPA and MPAG were 15% and 22% lower in Japanese subjects compared to Caucasians. The peak concentrations (Cmax) for MPAG were similar between the two populations, however, Japanese subjects had 9.6% higher Cmax for MPA. These results do not suggest any clinically relevant differences.

Drug InteractionsAntacids with Magnesium and Aluminum Hydroxides

Absorption of a single dose of Myfortic was decreased when administered to 12 stable kidney transplant patients also taking magnesium-aluminum-containing antacids (30 mL): the mean Cmax and AUC(0-t) values for MPA were 25% and 37% lower, respectively, than when Myfortic was administered alone under fasting conditions [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].

Pantoprazole

In a trial conducted in 12 healthy volunteers, the pharmacokinetics of MPA were observed to be similar when a single dose of 720 mg of Myfortic was administered alone and following concomitant administration of Myfortic and pantoprazole, which was administered at a dose of 40 mg twice daily for 4 days [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].

The following drug interaction studies were conducted following the administration of MMF

Cholestyramine

Following single-dose oral administration of 1.5 grams MMF to 12 healthy volunteers pretreated with 4 grams three times daily of cholestyramine for 4 days, MPA AUC decreased approximately 40%. This decrease is consistent with interruption of enterohepatic recirculation which may be due to binding of recirculating MPAG with cholestyramine in the intestine [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].

Sevelamer

Concomitant administration of sevelamer and MMF in stable adult and pediatric kidney transplant patients decreased the mean MPA Cmax and AUC(0-12h) by 36% and 26% respectively [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].

Cyclosporine

Cyclosporine (Sandimmune®) pharmacokinetics (at doses of 275 to 415 mg/day) were unaffected by single and multiple doses of 1.5 grams twice daily of MMF in 10 stable kidney transplant patients. The mean (±SD) AUC (0-12h) and Cmax of cyclosporine after 14 days of multiple doses of MMF were 3290 (±822) ng•h/mL and 753 (±161) ng/mL, respectively, compared to 3245 (±1088) ng•h/mL and 700 (±246) ng/mL, respectively, 1 week before administration of MMF.

A total of 73 de novo kidney allograft recipients on MMF therapy received either low dose cyclosporine withdrawal by 6 months post-transplant (50 to 100 ng/mL for up to 3 months post-transplant followed by complete withdrawal at month 6 post-transplant) or standard dose cyclosporine (150 to 300 ng/mL from baseline through to month 4 post-transplant and 100 to 200 ng/mL thereafter). At month 12 post-transplant, the mean MPA (AUC(0-12h)) in the cyclosporine withdrawal group was approximately 40% higher, than that of the standard dose cyclosporine group.

Cyclosporine inhibits multidrug-resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP-2) transporter in the biliary tract, thereby preventing the excretion of MPAG into the bile that would lead to enterohepatic recirculation of MPA [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].

Norfloxacin and Metronidazole

Following single-dose administration of MMF (1 g) to 11 healthy volunteers on day 4 of a 5-day course of a combination of norfloxacin and metronidazole, the mean MPA AUC(0-48h) was reduced by 33% compared to the administration of MMF alone (p < 0.05). There was no significant effect on mean MPA AUC(0-48h) when MMF was concomitantly administered with norfloxacin or metronidazole separately. The mean (±SD) MPA AUC(0-48h) after coadministration of MMF with norfloxacin or metronidazole separately was 48.3 (±24) mcg•h/mL and 42.7 (±23) mcg•h/mL, respectively, compared with 56.2 (±24) mcg•h/mL after administration of MMF alone [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].

Rifampin

In a single heart-lung transplant patient on MMF therapy (1 gram twice daily), a 67% decrease in MPA exposure (AUC(0-12h)) was observed with concomitant administration of MMF and 600 mg rifampindaily.

In 8 kidney transplant patients on stable MMF therapy (1 gram twice daily), administration of 300 mg rifampin twice daily resulted in a 17.5% decrease in MPA AUC(0-12h) due to inhibition of enterohepatic recirculation of MPAG by rifampin. Rifampin coadministration also resulted in a 22.4% increase in MPAG AUC(0-12h) [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].

Oral Contraceptives

In a drug-drug interaction trial, mean AUCs were similar for ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone, when coadministered with MMF as compared to administration of the oral contraceptives alone [seeDRUG INTERACTIONS].

Acyclovir

Coadministration of MMF (1 gram) and acyclovir (800 mg) to 12 healthy volunteers resulted in no significant change in MPA AUC and Cmax. However, MPAG and acyclovir plasma mean AUC(0-24h) were increased 10% and 18%, respectively. Because MPAG plasma concentrations are increased in the presence of kidney impairment, as are acyclovir concentrations, the potential exists for mycophenolate and acyclovir or its prodrug (e.g., valacyclovir) to compete for tubular secretion, further increasing the concentrations of both drugs [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].

Ganciclovir

Following single-dose administration to 12 stable kidney transplant patients, no pharmacokinetic interaction was observed between MMF (1.5 grams) and intravenous ganciclovir (5 mg per kg). Mean (±SD) ganciclovir AUC and Cmax (n=10) were 54.3 (±19.0) mcg•h/mL and 11.5 (±1.8) mcg/mL, respectively, after coadministration of the two drugs, compared to 51.0 (±17.0) mcg•h/mL and 10.6 (±2.0) mcg/mL, respectively, after administration of intravenous ganciclovir alone. The mean (±SD) AUC and Cmax of MPA (n=12) after coadministration were 80.9 (±21.6) mcg•h/mL and 27.8 (±13.9) mcg/mL, respectively, compared to values of 80.3 (±16.4) mcg•h/mL and 30.9 (±11.2) mcg/mL, respectively, after administration of MMF alone.

Because MPAG plasma concentrations are increased in the presence of renal impairment, as are ganciclovir concentrations, the two drugs will compete for tubular secretion and thus further increases in concentrations of both drugs may occur. In patients with renal impairment in which MMF and ganciclovir or its prodrug (e.g., valganciclovir) are coadministered, patients should be monitored carefully [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].

Ciprofloxacin and Amoxicillin plus Clavulanic Acid

A total of 64 MMF treated kidney transplant recipients received either oral ciprofloxacin 500 mg twice daily or amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid 375 mg three times daily for 7 or at least 14 days. Approximately 50% reductions in median trough MPA concentrations (predose) from baseline (MMF alone) were observed in 3 days following commencement of oral ciprofloxacin or amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid. These reductions in trough MPA concentrations tended to diminish within 14 days of antibiotic therapy and ceased within 3 days after discontinuation of antibiotics. The postulated mechanism for this interaction is an antibiotic-induced reduction in glucuronidase-possessing enteric organisms leading to a decrease in enterohepatic recirculation of MPA. The change in trough level may not accurately represent changes in overall MPA exposure; therefore, clinical relevance of these observations is unclear [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].

Clinical StudiesProphylaxis Of Organ Rejection In Patients Receiving Allogeneic Renal Transplants

The safety and efficacy of Myfortic in combination with cyclosporine, USP MODIFIED and corticosteroids for the prevention of organ rejection was assessed in two multicenter, randomized, double-blind, active-controlled trials in de novo and conversion renal transplant patients compared to MMF.

The de novo trial was conducted in 423 renal transplant patients (ages 18-75 years) in Austria, Canada, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Spain, UK, and USA. Eighty-four percent of randomized patients received kidneys from deceased donors. Patients were excluded if they had second or multiorgan (e.g., kidney and pancreas) transplants, or previous transplant with any other organs; kidneys from non-heart beating donors; panel reactive antibodies (PRA) of > 50% at last assessment prior to transplantation, and presence of severe diarrhea, active peptic ulcer disease, or uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Patients were administered either Myfortic 1.44 grams per day or MMF 2 grams per day within 48 hours post-transplant for 12 months in combination with cyclosporine, USP MODIFIED and corticosteroids. Forty-one percent of patients received antibody therapy as induction treatment. Treatment failure was defined as the first occurrence of biopsy proven acute rejection, graft loss, death or lost to follow-up at 6 months.

The incidence of treatment failure was similar in Myfortic- and MMF-treated patients at 6 and 12 months (Table 7). The cumulative incidence of graft loss, death and lost to follow-up at 12 months is also shown in Table 7.

Table 7: Treatment Failure in de novo Renal Transplant Patients (Percent of Patients) at 6 and 12 Months of Treatment when Administered in Combination with Cyclosporine* and Corticosteroids

The conversion trial was conducted in 322 renal transplant patients (ages 18-75 years), who were at least 6 months post-transplant and had undergone primary or secondary, deceased donor, living related, or unrelated donor kidney transplant, stable graft function (serum creatinine < 2.3 mg/mL), no change in immunosuppressive regimen due to graft malfunction, and no known clinically significant physical and/or laboratory changes for at least 2 months prior to enrollment. Patients were excluded if they had 3 or more kidney transplants, multiorgan transplants (e.g., kidney and pancreas), previous organ transplants, evidence of graft rejection or who had been treated for acute rejection within 2 months prior to screening, clinically significant infections requiring continued therapy, presence of severe diarrhea, active peptic ulcer disease, or uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.

Patients received 2 grams per day MMF in combination with cyclosporine USP MODIFIED, with or without corticosteroids for at least two weeks prior to entry in the trial. Patients were randomized to Myfortic 1.44 grams per day or MMF 2 grams per day for 12 months. The trial was conducted in Austria, Belgium, Canada, Germany, Italy, Spain, and USA. Treatment failure was defined as the first occurrence of biopsy-proven acute rejection, graft loss, death, or lost to follow-up at 6 and 12 months.

The incidences of treatment failure at 6 and 12 months were similar between Myfortic- and MMF-treated patients (Table 8). The cumulative incidence of graft loss, death and lost to follow-up at 12 months is also shown in Table 8.

Table 8: Treatment Failure in Conversion Transplant Patients (Percent of Patients) at 6 and 12 Months of Treatment when Administered in Combination with Cyclosporine* and with or without Corticosteroids

Medication Guide

PATIENT INFORMATION

MYFORTIC® 
(my-for-tic) 
(mycophenolic acid) Delayed-release Tablets

Read the Medication Guide that comes with Myfortic before you start taking it and each time you get a refill. There may be new information. This Medication Guide does not take the place of talking with your healthcare provider about your medical condition or treatment. If you have any questions about Myfortic, ask your doctor.

What is the most important information I should know about Myfortic?

Myfortic can cause serious side effects including:

· Increased risk of loss of pregnancy (miscarriage) and higher risk of birth defects. Females who take Myfortic during pregnancy, have a higher risk of miscarriage during the first 3 months (first trimester), and a higher risk that their baby will be born with birth defects. 
If you are a female who can become pregnant:

· your doctor must talk with you about acceptable birth control methods (contraceptive counseling) while taking Myfortic.

· you should have a pregnancy test immediately before starting Myfortic and another pregnancy test 8 to 10 days later. Pregnancy tests should be repeated during routine follow-up visits with your doctor. Talk to your doctor about the results of all of your pregnancy tests.

· you must use acceptable birth control during your entire Myfortic therapy and for 6 weeks after stopping Myfortic, unless at any time you choose to avoid sexual intercourse (abstinence) with a man completely. Myfortic decreases blood levels of the hormones in birth control pills that you take by mouth. Birth control pills may not work as well while you take Myfortic and you could become pregnant. If you decide to take birth control pills while using Myfortic, you must also use another form of birth control. Talk to your doctor about other birth control methods that can be used while taking Myfortic.

If you plan to become pregnant, talk with your doctor. Your doctor will decide if other medicines to prevent rejection may be right for you.

· If you become pregnant while taking Myfortic, do not stop taking Myfortic. Call your doctor right away. In certain situations, you and your doctor may decide that taking Myfortic is more important to your health than the possible risks to your unborn baby.

· You and your doctor should report your pregnancy to

o Mycophenolate Pregnancy Registry (1-800-617-8191)

The purpose of this registry is to gather information about the health of your baby.

· Increased risk of getting serious infections. Myfortic weakens the body's immune system and affects your ability to fight infections. Serious infections can happen with Myfortic and can lead to death. These serious infections can include:

o Viral infections. Certain viruses can live in your body and cause active infections when your immune system is weak. Viral infections that can happen with Myfortic include:

§ Shingles, other herpes infections, and cytomegalovirus (CMV). CMV can cause serious tissue and blood infections.

§ BK virus. BK virus can affect how your kidney works and cause your transplanted kidney to fail.

§ Hepatitis B and C viruses. Hepatitis viruses can affect how your liver works. Talk to your doctor about how hepatitis viruses may affect you.

o A brain infection called Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML). In some patients Myfortic may cause an infection of the brain that may cause death. You are at risk for this brain infection because you have a weakened immune system. You should tell your healthcare provider right away if you have any of the following symptoms:

§ Weakness on one side of the body

§ You do not care about things that you usually care about (apathy)

§ You are confused or have problems thinking

§ You cannot control your muscles

o Fungal infections. Yeast and other types of fungal infections can happen with Myfortic and cause serious tissue and blood infections. See “What are the possible side effects of Myfortic?”

Call your doctor right away if you have any of these signs and symptoms of infection:

· Temperature of 100.5°F or greater

· Cold symptoms, such as a runny nose or sore throat

· Flu symptoms, such as an upset stomach, stomach pain, vomiting, or diarrhea

· Earache or headache

· Pain during urination or you need to urinate often

· White patches in the mouth or throat

· Unexpected bruising or bleeding

· Cuts, scrapes, or incisions that are red, warm, and oozing pus

· Increased risk of getting certain cancers. People who take Myfortic have a higher risk of getting lymphoma, and other cancers, especially skin cancer. Tell your doctor if you have:

o unexplained fever, tiredness that does not go away, weight loss, or lymph node swelling

o a brown or black skin lesion with uneven borders, or one part of the lesion does not look like other parts

o a change in the size or color of a mole

o a new skin lesion or bump

o any other changes to your health

See the section “What are the possible side effects of Myfortic?” for other serious side effects.

What is Myfortic?

Myfortic is a prescription medicine given to prevent rejection (antirejection medicine) in people who have received a kidney transplant. Rejection is when the body's immune system senses the new organ as “foreign” and attacks it.

Myfortic is used with other medicines containing cyclosporine (Sandimmune®, Gengraf®, and Neoral®) and corticosteroids.

Myfortic can be used to prevent rejection in children who are 5 years or older and are stable after having a kidney transplant. It is not known if Myfortic is safe and works in children younger than 5 years. It is not known how Myfortic works in children who have just received a new kidney transplant.

Who should not take Myfortic?

Do not take Myfortic if you are allergic to mycophenolic acid, mycophenolate sodium, mycophenolate mofetil, or any of the ingredients in Myfortic. See the end of this Medication Guide for a complete list of ingredients in Myfortic.

What should I tell my doctor before I start taking Myfortic?

Tell your healthcare provider about all of your medical conditions, including if you:

· have any digestive problems, such as ulcers

· plan to receive any vaccines. You should not receive live vaccines while you take Myfortic. Some vaccines may not work as well during treatment with Myfortic.

· have Lesch-Nyhan or Kelley-Seegmiller syndrome or another rare inherited deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl-transferase (HGPRT). You should not take Myfortic if you have one of these disorders.

· are pregnant or planning to become pregnant. See “What is the most important information I should know about Myfortic?”

· are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. It is not known if Myfortic passes into breast milk. You and your doctor will decide if you will take Myfortic or breastfeed.

Tell your doctor about all the medicines you take, including prescription and nonprescription medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements.

Some medicines may affect the way Myfortic works and Myfortic may affect how some medicines work. Especially tell your doctor if you take:

· birth control pills (oral contraceptives). See “What is the most important information I should know about Myfortic?”

· antacids that contain aluminum or magnesium. Myfortic and antacids should not be taken at the same time.

· acyclovir (Zovirax®), Ganciclovir (Cytovene® IV, Valcyte®)

· azathioprine (Azasan®, Imuran®)

· cholestyramine (Questran® Light, Questran®, Locholest Light, Prevalite®)

Know the medicines you take. Keep a list of your medicines with you to show your healthcare provider and pharmacist when you get a new medicine. Do not take any new medicine without talking to your doctor.

How should I take Myfortic?

· Take Myfortic exactly as prescribed. Your healthcare provider will tell you how much Myfortic to take.

· Do not stop taking or change your dose of Myfortic without talking to your healthcare provider.

· Take Myfortic on an empty stomach, either 1 hour before or 2 hours after a meal.

· Swallow Myfortic whole. Do not crush, chew, or cut Myfortic. The Myfortic tablets have a coating so that the medicine will pass through your stomach and dissolve in your intestine.

· If you forget to take Myfortic, take it as soon as you remember and then take your next dose at its regular time. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose. Do not take two doses at the same time. Call your doctor or pharmacist if you are not sure what to do.

· If you take more than the prescribed dose of Myfortic, call your doctor right away.

· Do not change (substitute) between using Myfortic delayed-release tablets and mycophenolate mofetil tablets, capsules, or oral suspension for one another unless your healthcare provider tells you to. These medicines are absorbed differently. This may affect the amount of medicine in your blood.

· Be sure to keep all appointments at your transplant clinic. During these visits, your doctor may perform regular blood tests.

What should I avoid while taking Myfortic?

Avoid pregnancy. See “What is the most important information I should know about Myfortic?”

· Limit the amount of time you spend in sunlight. Avoid using tanning beds and sunlamps. People who take Myfortic have a higher risk of getting skin cancer. See “What is the most important information I should know about Myfortic?” Wear protective clothing when you are in the sun and use a sunscreen with a high sun protection factor (SPF 30 and above). This is especially important if your skin is fair (light colored) or you have a family history of skin cancer.

· Elderly patients 65 years of age or older may have more side effects with Myfortic because of a weaker immune system.

What are the possible side effects of Myfortic?

Myfortic can cause serious side effects.

See “What is the most important information I should know about Myfortic?”

Stomach and intestinal bleeding can happen in people who take Myfortic. Bleeding can be severe and you may have to be hospitalized for treatment.

The most common side effects of taking Myfortic include:

In people with a new transplant:

· low blood cell counts

o red blood cells

o white blood cells

o platelets

· constipation

· nausea

· diarrhea

· vomiting

· urinary tract infections

· stomach upset

In people who take Myfortic for a long time (long-term) after transplant:

· low blood cell counts

o red blood cells

o white blood cells

· nausea

· diarrhea

· sore throat

Your healthcare provider will do blood tests before you start taking Myfortic and during treatment with Myfortic to check your blood cell counts. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you have any signs of infection (see “What is the most important information I should know about Myfortic?”), or any unexpected bruising or bleeding. Also, tell your healthcare provider if you have unusual tiredness, dizziness, or fainting.

These are not all the possible side effects of Myfortic. Your healthcare provider may be able to help you manage these side effects.

Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects.

You may report side effects to

· FDA MedWatch at 1-800-FDA-1088 or

· Novartis Drug Safety at 888-NOW-NOVA (1-888-669-6682).

How should I store Myfortic?

· Store Myfortic tablets at room temperature, 59° to 86°F (15° to 30°C). Myfortic does not need to be refrigerated.

· Keep the container tightly closed. Store Myfortic in a dry place.

· Keep Myfortic and all medicines out of the reach of children.

General information about Myfortic

Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Medication Guide. Do not use Myfortic for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give Myfortic to other people, even if they have the same symptoms you have. It may harm them.

This Medication Guide summarizes the most important information about Myfortic. If you would like more information, talk with your doctor. You can ask your doctor or pharmacist for information about Myfortic that is written for healthcare professionals. You can also call 1-888-669-6682 or visit the Myfortic website at www.myfortic.com.

What are the ingredients in Myfortic?

Active ingredient: mycophenolic acid (as mycophenolate sodium)

Inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, crospovidone, lactose anhydrous, magnesium stearate, povidone (K-30), and starch. The enteric coating of the tablet consists of hypromellose phthalate, titanium dioxide, iron oxide yellow, and indigotine (for the 180-mg tablet) or iron oxide red (for the 360-mg tablet)