通用中文 | 依帕伐单抗 | 通用外文 | Emapalumab-lzsg |
品牌中文 | 品牌外文 | Gamifant | |
其他名称 | 依马利尤单抗 | ||
公司 | Novimmune SA(Novimmune SA) | 产地 | 美国(USA) |
含量 | 10mg/2ml | 包装 | 1支/盒 |
剂型给药 | 注射液 | 储存 | 2度-8度(冰箱冷藏,禁止冷冻) |
适用范围 | 原发性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症 |
通用中文 | 依帕伐单抗 |
通用外文 | Emapalumab-lzsg |
品牌中文 | |
品牌外文 | Gamifant |
其他名称 | 依马利尤单抗 |
公司 | Novimmune SA(Novimmune SA) |
产地 | 美国(USA) |
含量 | 10mg/2ml |
包装 | 1支/盒 |
剂型给药 | 注射液 |
储存 | 2度-8度(冰箱冷藏,禁止冷冻) |
适用范围 | 原发性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症 |
Gamifant injection 50mg/10mL(emapalumab-lzsg 依帕伐单抗注射液)
美国食品和药物管理局今天批准了Gamifant(emapalumab)用于治疗患有原发性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症(HLH)的儿童(新生儿及以上)和成年患者,这些患者患有难治性、复发性或进行性疾病或不耐受症并伴有转归。NH-HLH治疗获FDA批准为HLH专用药物。
“原发性HLH是一种罕见的危及生命的疾病,通常影响儿童,这种批准填补了这些患者未满足的医学需求,”FDA肿瘤学中心主任、血液学和肿瘤学专业办公室代理主任Richard Pazdur医学博士说。FDA药物评价和研究中心的导管。“我们致力于继续加快开发和审查为罕见疾病患者提供有意义的治疗方案的疗法。” HLH是机体免疫细胞不能正常工作的一种状态。细胞变得过度活跃释放分子,从而导致炎症。免疫细胞开始损害身体自身的器官,包括肝脏、大脑和骨髓。它可以被继承,这被称为原发性或家族性HLH。它也可以有非遗传的原因。原发性HLH患者通常在生命的第一个月或几年内出现症状。症状可能包括发烧、肝脾肿大和血细胞减少。
批准日期:2018年11月20日 公司:Novimmune SA
GAMIFANTTM(emapalumab-lzsg)注射液,用于静脉注射
美国初步批准:2018年
作用机制
Emapalumab-lzsg是一个结合的单克隆抗体和中和干扰素γ(IFNγ)。临床前数据表明IFNγ的发病机制中起着举足轻重的作用通过可是hypersecreted。
适应症和用法
GAMIFANT是一种干扰素γ(IFNγ)抑制性抗体表示为治疗成人和儿童患者(新生儿和以上)初选食血淋巴组织细胞增生症(HLH),伴有顽固性、复发性或进行性疾病或传统HLH治疗不耐受。
剂量和管理
只适用于静脉输液:
建议起始剂量:1mg/kg,每周两次,每次1小时以上。
与GAMIFANT一起使用地塞米松。
剂型及强度
注:
10mg/2mL(5mg/mL)单剂量瓶溶液。
50mg/10mL(5mg/mL)单剂量瓶溶液。
禁忌症
没有。
警告和预防措施
感染:监测患者的体征和症状并及时治疗。
检测潜伏肺结核。对带状疱疹、肺囊虫病和真菌感染进行预防性治疗。
活疫苗:不要给服用GAMIFANT的患者注射活疫苗或减毒活疫苗。
与注射相关的反应:监测患者是否发生与注射相关的反应。对严重的输液反应进行中断输液和适当的医疗管理。
不良反应
最常见的不良反应(≥20%):感染、高血压、输注相关反应和发热。
包装提供/存储和处理
GAMIFANT (emapalumab-lzsg)注射液是一种无菌、透明至微乳白色、无色至微黄色的溶液,包装配置如下:
NDC 72171-501-01 -含1支10毫克/2毫升(5毫克/毫升)单剂量瓶
NDC 72171-505-01 -含50mg/10ml (5mg/mL)单剂量瓶
GAMIFANT存储在冰箱2ºC - 8ºC(36ºF 46ºF)在原来的纸箱保护fromlight。不要冻僵或摇晃。这种产品不含防腐剂。
Gamifant injection 50mg/10mL(emapalumab-lzsg 依帕伐单抗注射液)
美国食品和药物管理局今天批准了Gamifant(emapalumab)用于治疗患有原发性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症(HLH)的儿童(新生儿及以上)和成年患者,这些患者患有难治性、复发性或进行性疾病或不耐受症并伴有转归。NH-HLH治疗获FDA批准为HLH专用药物。
“原发性HLH是一种罕见的危及生命的疾病,通常影响儿童,这种批准填补了这些患者未满足的医学需求,”FDA肿瘤学中心主任、血液学和肿瘤学专业办公室代理主任Richard Pazdur医学博士说。FDA药物评价和研究中心的导管。“我们致力于继续加快开发和审查为罕见疾病患者提供有意义的治疗方案的疗法。” HLH是机体免疫细胞不能正常工作的一种状态。细胞变得过度活跃释放分子,从而导致炎症。免疫细胞开始损害身体自身的器官,包括肝脏、大脑和骨髓。它可以被继承,这被称为原发性或家族性HLH。它也可以有非遗传的原因。原发性HLH患者通常在生命的第一个月或几年内出现症状。症状可能包括发烧、肝脾肿大和血细胞减少。
批准日期:2018年11月20日 公司:Novimmune SA
GAMIFANTTM(emapalumab-lzsg)注射液,用于静脉注射
美国初步批准:2018年
作用机制
Emapalumab-lzsg是一个结合的单克隆抗体和中和干扰素γ(IFNγ)。临床前数据表明IFNγ的发病机制中起着举足轻重的作用通过可是hypersecreted。
适应症和用法
GAMIFANT是一种干扰素γ(IFNγ)抑制性抗体表示为治疗成人和儿童患者(新生儿和以上)初选食血淋巴组织细胞增生症(HLH),伴有顽固性、复发性或进行性疾病或传统HLH治疗不耐受。
剂量和管理
只适用于静脉输液:
建议起始剂量:1mg/kg,每周两次,每次1小时以上。
与GAMIFANT一起使用地塞米松。
剂型及强度
注:
10mg/2mL(5mg/mL)单剂量瓶溶液。
50mg/10mL(5mg/mL)单剂量瓶溶液。
禁忌症
没有。
警告和预防措施
感染:监测患者的体征和症状并及时治疗。
检测潜伏肺结核。对带状疱疹、肺囊虫病和真菌感染进行预防性治疗。
活疫苗:不要给服用GAMIFANT的患者注射活疫苗或减毒活疫苗。
与注射相关的反应:监测患者是否发生与注射相关的反应。对严重的输液反应进行中断输液和适当的医疗管理。
不良反应
最常见的不良反应(≥20%):感染、高血压、输注相关反应和发热。
包装提供/存储和处理
GAMIFANT (emapalumab-lzsg)注射液是一种无菌、透明至微乳白色、无色至微黄色的溶液,包装配置如下:
NDC 72171-501-01 -含1支10毫克/2毫升(5毫克/毫升)单剂量瓶
NDC 72171-505-01 -含50mg/10ml (5mg/mL)单剂量瓶
GAMIFANT存储在冰箱2ºC - 8ºC(36ºF 46ºF)在原来的纸箱保护fromlight。不要冻僵或摇晃。这种产品不含防腐剂。
HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION
These highlights do not include all the information needed to use GAMIFANT safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for GAMIFANT.
GAMIFANTTM (emapalumab-lzsg) injection, for intravenous use
• None. (4)
CONTRAINDICATIONS
WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
Initial U.S. Approval: 2018
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
GAMIFANT is an interferon gamma (IFNγ) blocking antibody indicated for the treatment of adult and pediatric (newborn and older) patients with primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) with refractory, recurrent or progressive disease or intolerance with conventional HLH therapy. (1)
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
For intravenous infusion only:
• Recommended starting dosage: 1 mg/kg as an intravenous infusion over 1 hour twice per week. (2.1)
• Administer dexamethasone concomitantly with GAMIFANT. (2.3)
DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
• Infections: Monitor patients for signs and symptoms and treat promptly.
Test for latent tuberculosis. Administer prophylactic treatment against Herpes Zoster,Pneumocystis jiroveciiand fungal infections. (5.1)
• Live Vaccines: Do not administer live or live attenuated vaccines to patients receiving GAMIFANT. (5.2)
• Infusion-Related Reactions: Monitor patients for infusion-related reactions. Interrupt infusion for severe infusion reactions and institute appropriate medical management. (5.3)
ADVERSE REACTIONS
The most common adverse reactions (≥ 20%) were: infections, hypertension, infusion-related reactions, and pyrexia. (6.1)
To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact 1-866-773-
5274 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.
Injection:
• 10 mg/2 mL (5 mg/mL) solution in a single-dose vial (3)
• 50 mg/10 mL (5 mg/mL) solution in a single-dose vial (3)
See 17 for PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION
Revised: 11/2018
FULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION: CONTENTS*
1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE
2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
2.1 Recommended Dosing
2.2 Monitoring to Assess Safety
2.3 Pre-Medications and Concomitant Medication Information
2.4 Dose Modification Based on Response
2.5 Instructions for Preparation and Administration
3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
4 CONTRAINDICATIONS
5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
5.1 Infections
5.2 Increased Risk of Infection with Use of Live Vaccines
5.3 Infusion-Related Reactions
6 ADVERSE REACTIONS
6.1 Clinical Trial Experience
6.2 Immunogenicity
7 DRUG INTERACTIONS
7.1 Effect of GAMIFANT on Cytochrome P450 Substrates
8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS
8.1 Pregnancy
8.2 Lactation
8.4 Pediatric Use
8.5 Geriatric Use
11 DESCRIPTION
12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
12.1 Mechanism of Action
12.2 Pharmacodynamics
12.3 Pharmacokinetics
13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY
13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
14 CLINICAL STUDIES
16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING
17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION
*Sections or subsections omitted from the full prescribing information are not listed.
FULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION
1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE
GAMIFANT is indicated for the treatment of adult and pediatric (newborn and older) patients with primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) with refractory, recurrent or progressive disease or intolerance with conventional HLH therapy.
2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
2.1 Recommended Dosing
The recommended starting dose of GAMIFANT is 1 mg/kg given as an intravenous infusion over 1 hour twice per week (every three to four days). Doses subsequent to the initial dose may be increased based on clinical and laboratory criteria [see Dosage and Administration (2.4)].
Administer GAMIFANT until hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is performed or unacceptable toxicity. Discontinue GAMIFANT when a patient no longer requires therapy for the treatment of HLH.
2.2 Monitoring to Assess Safety
Before Initiating GAMIFANT Treatment
Conduct testing for latent tuberculosis infections using the purified protein derivative (PPD) or IFNγ release assay and evaluate patients for tuberculosis risk factors prior to initiating GAMIFANT. Administer tuberculosis prophylaxis to patients at risk for tuberculosis, or known to have a positive PPD test result, or positive IFNγ release assay.
During GAMIFANT Treatment
Monitor for tuberculosis, adenovirus, EBV and CMV every 2 weeks and as clinically indicated.
2.3 Pre-Medications and Concomitant Medication Information
Pre-Medications
Administer prophylaxis for Herpes Zoster, Pneumocystis jirovecii, and for fungal infections prior to GAMIFANT administration.
Concomitant Medications
For patients who are not receiving baseline dexamethasone treatment, begin dexamethasone at a daily dose of at least 5 to 10 mg/m2 the day before GAMIFANT treatment begins. For patients who were receiving baseline dexamethasone, they may continue their regular dose provided the dose is at least 5 mg/m2. Dexamethasone can be tapered according to the judgment of the treating physician [see Clinical Studies (14)].
The GAMIFANT dose may be titrated up if disease response is unsatisfactory (see Table 1) [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. After the patient’s clinical condition is stabilized, decrease the dose to the previous level to maintain clinical response.
Table 1: Dose Titration Criteria
Treatment Day |
GAMIFANT Dose |
Criteria for Dose Increase |
Day 1 |
Starting Dose of 1 mg/kg |
N/A |
On Day 3 |
Increase to 3 mg/kg |
Unsatisfactory improvement in clinical condition, as assessed by a healthcare provider AND at least one of the following:
· Fever – persistence or recurrence
· Platelet count
· If baseline < 50,000/mm3 and no improvement to >50,000/mm3
· If baseline > 50,000/mm3 and less than 30% improvement
· If baseline > 100,000/mm3 and decrease to < 100,000/mm3
· Neutrophil count
· If baseline < 500/mm3 and no improvement to > 500/mm3
· If baseline > 500 -1000/mm3 and decrease to < 500/mm3
· If baseline 1000-1500/mm3 and decrease to < 1000/ mm3
· Ferritin (ng/mL)
· If baseline ≥ 3000 ng/mL and < 20% decrease
· If baseline < 3000 ng/mL and any increase to > 3000 ng/mL
· Splenomegaly – any worsening
· Coagulopathy (both D-Dimer and Fibrinogen must apply)
· D-Dimer |
From Day 6 onwards |
Increase to 6 mg/kg |
Treatment Day |
GAMIFANT Dose |
Criteria for Dose Increase |
|
|
· If abnormal at baseline and no improvement
· Fibrinogen (mg/dL)
· If baseline levels ≤ 100 mg/dL and no improvement
· If baseline levels > 100 mg/dL) and any decrease to < 100 mg/dL |
From Day 9 onwards |
Increase to 10 mg/kg |
Assessment by a healthcare provider that based on initial signs of response, a further increase in GAMIFANT dose can be of benefit |
2.5 Instructions for Preparation and Administration
Preparation
GAMIFANT vials are for single-use only. Prepare the solution for infusion as follows:
• Calculate the dose (mg/kg), total volume (mL) of GAMIFANT required and the number
of GAMIFANT vials needed based on patient actual body weight[see Dosage and Administration (2.1)].
• Inspect GAMIFANT vials visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to dilution. GAMIFANT is a clear to slightly opalescent, colorless to slightly yellow liquid. Do not administer if discolored or foreign particulate matter is present.
• Withdraw the necessary amount of GAMIFANT solution and dilute with 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP to a maximum concentration of 2.5 mg/mL. Do not dilute product to less than 0.25 mg/mL.
• Discard any unused portion left in the vial(s).
• The diluted solution can be placed in either a syringe or an infusion bag, depending on the volume needed.
• Use a gamma irradiated latex-free, polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-free syringe. Do not use with ethylene oxide-sterilized syringes.
• Use a non-PVC polyolefin infusion bag.
Administration
• Administer GAMIFANT diluted solution intravenously over 1 hour through an intravenous line containing a sterile, non-pyrogenic, low-protein binding 0.2 micron in- line filter.
• Do not infuse GAMIFANT concomitantly with other agents and do not add any other product to the infusion bag or syringe.
• Do not store any unused portion of the infusion solution for reuse. Any unused product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
Storage of Diluted Solution
This product does not contain a preservative. If not administered immediately:
• Store the diluted solution of GAMIFANT under refrigeration at 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F) for no more than 4 hours from the time of dilution.
• If refrigerated, allow the diluted solution to come to room temperature prior to administration.
• Do not freeze. Do not shake.
3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
GAMIFANT is a clear to slightly opalescent, colorless to slightly yellow preservative-free solution available as:
Injection:
• 10 mg/2 mL (5 mg/mL) in a single-dose vial
• 50 mg/10 mL (5 mg/mL) in a single-dose vial
4 CONTRAINDICATIONS
None.
5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
5.1 Infections
GAMIFANT may increase the risk of fatal and serious infections to include specific pathogens favored by IFNγ neutralization, including mycobacteria, Herpes Zoster virus, and Histoplasma Capsulatum.
Do not administer GAMIFANT in patients with infections caused by these pathogens until appropriate treatment has been initiated.
In 32% of patients receiving GAMIFANT in clinical trials, serious infections such as sepsis, pneumonia, bacteremia, disseminated histoplasmosis, necrotizing fasciitis, viral infections, and perforated appendicitis were observed. The reported infections were viral (41%), bacterial (35%), fungal (9%), and the pathogen was not identified in 15% of cases.
Evaluate patients for tuberculosis risk factors and test for latent infection (PPD testing, PCR, or IFNγ release assay) prior to initiating GAMIFANT. Administer tuberculosis prophylaxis to patients at risk for tuberculosis or known to have a positive purified protein derivative (PPD) test result [see Dosage and Administration (2.2)].
Administer prophylaxis for Herpes Zoster, Pneumocystis jirovecii, and fungal infection to mitigate the risk to patients while receiving GAMIFANT. Employ surveillance testing during treatment with GAMIFANT.
Closely monitor patients receiving GAMIFANT for signs or symptoms of infection, promptly initiate a complete diagnostic workup appropriate for an immunocompromised patient, and initiate appropriate antimicrobial therapy.
5.2 Increased Risk of Infection with Use of Live Vaccines
Do not administer live or live attenuated vaccines to patients receiving GAMIFANT and for at least 4 weeks after the last dose of GAMIFANT. The safety of immunization with live vaccines during or following GAMIFANT therapy has not been studied.
5.3 Infusion-Related Reactions
Infusion-related reactions including drug eruption, pyrexia, rash, erythema, and hyperhidrosis were reported with GAMIFANT treatment in 27% of patients. In one-third of these patients, the infusion-related reaction occurred during the first infusion.
All infusion related reactions were reported as mild to moderate. Monitor patients for infusion- related reactions. Interrupt infusion for infusion reactions and institute appropriate medical management prior to continuing infusion at a slower rate.
6 ADVERSE REACTIONS
The following adverse reactions are described elsewhere in the labeling:
• Infections[see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]
• Infusion-Related Reactions[see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)]
6.1 Clinical Trial Experience
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
The safety data described in this section reflect exposure to GAMIFANT in which 34 patients with untreated primary HLH and previously treated patients with primary HLH (NCT01818492) received GAMIFANT at a starting dose of 1 mg/kg every 3 days with dose increases up to 10
mg/kg[see Dosage and Administration (2.1)andClinical Studies (14)]. The median duration of treatment with GAMIFANT was 59 days (range: 4 to 245 days) and the median cumulative dose was 25 mg/kg (range: 4 to 254 mg/kg).
The median age of study population was 1 year (range: 0.1 to 13 years), 53% were female, and 65% were Caucasian.
Serious adverse reactions were reported in 53% of patients. The most common serious adverse reactions (≥ 3%) included infections, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and multiple organ dysfunction. Fatal adverse reactions occurred in two (6%) of patients and included septic shock and gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
Disseminated histoplasmosis led to drug discontinuation in one patient. The most commonly reported adverse reactions (≥ 20%) were infections, hypertension, infusion-related reactions, and pyrexia. Adverse reactions reported in ≥ 10% of patients during treatment with GAMIFANT are presented in Table 2.
Table 2: Adverse Reactions Reported in ≥ 10% of Patients with Primary HLH
Adverse Reactions |
GAMIFANT (%) (N = 34) |
Infectionsa |
56 |
Hypertensionb |
41 |
Infusion-related reactionsc |
27 |
Pyrexia |
24 |
Hypokalemia |
15 |
Constipation |
15 |
Rash |
12 |
Abdominal pain |
12 |
Cytomegalovirus infection |
12 |
Diarrhea |
12 |
Lymphocytosis |
12 |
Cough |
12 |
Irritability |
12 |
Tachycardia |
12 |
Tachypnea |
12 |
aIncludes viral, bacterial, fungal, and infections in which no pathogen was identified
bIncludes secondary hypertension
cIncludes events of drug eruption, pyrexia, rash, erythema, and hyperhidrosis
Additional selected adverse reactions (all grades) that were reported in less than 10% of patients treated with GAMIFANT included: vomiting, acute kidney injury, asthenia, bradycardia, dyspnea, gastro-intestinal hemorrhage, epistaxis, and peripheral edema.
6.2 Immunogenicity
As with all therapeutic proteins, there is potential for immunogenicity. The detection of antibody formation is highly dependent on the sensitivity and specificity of the assay. Additionally, the observed incidence of antibody (including neutralizing antibody) positivity in an assay may be influenced by several factors, including assay methodology, sample handling, timing of sample collection, concomitant medications, and underlying disease. For these reasons, comparison of the incidence of antibodies in the studies described below with the incidence of antibodies in other studies or to other emapalumab products may be misleading.
The immunogenicity of emapalumab-lzsg has been evaluated using an electrochemiluminescence-based immunoassay (ECLIA). A total of 64 subjects were evaluated for anti-therapeutic antibodies (ATAs) to emapalumab-lzsg after treatment with GAMIFANT. ATAs were detected in 3/64 subjects (5%) who received GAMIFANT.
Treatment-emergent ATAs were detected in 1/33 (3%) of patients in the primary HLH clinical trial. The ATAs in this patient were found to have neutralizing ability. One patient receiving GAMIFANT through compassionate use developed transient non-neutralizing treatment- emergent ATAs. In both of these patients, ATAs occurred within the first 9 weeks following the initiation of GAMIFANT treatment. In addition, one healthy subject tested positive for ATAs following a single dose of GAMIFANT. No evidence of an altered safety or efficacy profile was identified in the primary HLH patients who developed antibodies to emapalumab-lzsg.
7 DRUG INTERACTIONS
7.1 Effect of GAMIFANT on Cytochrome P450 Substrates
The formation of CYP450 enzymes may be suppressed by increased levels of cytokines (such as IFNγ) during chronic inflammation. By neutralizing IFNγ, use of GAMIFANT may normalize CYP450 activities which may reduce the efficacy of drugs that are CYP450 substrates due to increased metabolism.
Upon initiation or discontinuation of concomitant GAMIFANT, monitor for reduced efficacy and adjust dosage of CYP450 substrate drugs as appropriate.
8.1 Pregnancy
Risk Summary
There are no available data on GAMIFANT use in pregnant women to inform a drug-associated risk of adverse developmental outcomes. In an animal reproduction study, a murine surrogate anti-mouse IFNγ antibody administered to pregnant mice throughout gestation crossed the placental barrier, and no fetal harm was observed (see Data).
The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively.
Data
Animal Data
In a mouse embryo-fetal development study, a murine surrogate anti-mouse IFNγ antibody was administered every 3-4 days throughout organogenesis and late gestation at doses of 0, 30, 75 or 150 mg/kg/occasion. The surrogate antibody was detected in the plasma of all treated pregnant mice and their corresponding fetuses. No maternal toxicity occurred and there was no evidence of teratogenicity or effects on embryo-fetal survival or growth.
8.2 Lactation
Risk Summary
There is no information regarding the presence of emapalumab-lzsg in human milk, the effects on the breastfed child, or the effects on milk production. Published data suggest that only limited amounts of therapeutic antibodies are found in breast milk and they do not enter the neonatal and infant circulations in substantial amounts.
The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for GAMIFANT and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed child from GAMIFANT or from the underlying maternal condition.
8.4 Pediatric Use
Safety and effectiveness of GAMIFANT have been established in pediatric patients, newborn and older, with primary HLH that is reactivated or refractory to conventional therapies. Use of GAMIFANT is supported by a single-arm trial in 27 pediatric patients with reactivated or refractory primary HLH. This study included pediatric patients in the following age groups: 5 patients newborn to 6 months, 10 patients 6 months to 2 years, and 12 patients from 2 years to 13 years [see Clinical Studies (14)].
Clinical studies of GAMIFANT did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients.
11 DESCRIPTION
Emapalumab-lzsg is an interferon gamma (IFNγ) blocking antibody. Emapalumab-lzsg is produced in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells by recombinant DNA technology. Emapalumab-lzsg is an IgG1 immunoglobulin with a molecular weight of approximately 148 kDa.
GAMIFANT (emapalumab-lzsg) injection for intravenous use is a sterile, preservative-free, clear to slightly opalescent, colorless to slightly yellow solution provided in single-dose vials that require dilution prior to intravenous infusion.
Each vial contains 10 mg/2 mL or 50 mg/10 mL emapalumab-lzsg at a concentration of 5 mg/mL. Each mL also contains the following inactive ingredients: L-Histidine (1.55 mg), L- Histidine monohydrochloride, monohydrate (3.14 mg), Polysorbate 80 (0.05 mg), sodium chloride (7.30 mg), and Water for Injection, USP.
12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
12.1 Mechanism of Action
Emapalumab-lzsg is a monoclonal antibody that binds to and neutralizes interferon gamma (IFNγ). Nonclinical data suggest that IFNγ plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of HLH by being hypersecreted.
12.2 Pharmacodynamics
IFNγ Inhibition
Emapalumab-lzsg reduces the plasma concentrations of CXCL9, a chemokine induced by IFNγ.
Cardiac Electrophysiology
At a dose of 3 mg/kg GAMIFANT does not prolong the QT interval to any clinically relevant extent.
12.3 Pharmacokinetics
The pharmacokinetics of emapalumab-lzsg were evaluated in healthy adult subjects and in patients with primary HLH.
Following a 1 mg/kg emapalumab-lzsg dose, median steady state peak concentration was 44 mcg/mL, which was 2.9 times higher than after the first dose. The median steady state trough concentration was 25 mcg/mL, which was 4.3 times higher than after the first dose. Emapalumab-lzsg AUC increases slightly more than proportionally between 1 and 3 mg/kg doses, and less than proportionally at 3, 6, and 10 mg/kg doses.
Emapalumab-lzsg exhibits target-mediated clearance dependent on IFNγ production, which can vary between and within patients as a function of time and can affect the recommended dosage [see Dosage and Administration (2.2)]. Emapalumab-lzsg steady state is achieved by the 7th infusion when the IFNγ production is moderate. At high IFNγ production, steady-state is reached earlier due to a shorter half-life.
Distribution
The central and peripheral volumes of distribution in a subject with body weight of 70 kg are 4.2 and 5.6 L, respectively.
Elimination
Emapalumab-lzsg elimination half-life is approximately 22 days in healthy subjects, and ranged from 2.5 to 18.9 days in HLH patients.
Emapalumab-lzsg clearance is approximately 0.007 L/h in healthy subjects.
In patients, the total clearance of emapalumab-lzsg was significantly influenced by the production of IFNγ, demonstrating target mediated clearance of emapalumab-lzsg.
Metabolism
The metabolic pathway of emapalumab-lzsg has not been characterized. Like other protein therapeutics, GAMIFANT is expected to be degraded into small peptides and amino acids via catabolic pathways.
Specific Populations
Body weight (2 to 82 kg) was a significant covariate of emapalumab-lzsg pharmacokinetics, supporting body weight-based dosing.
No clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of emapalumab-lzsg were observed based on age (0.02 to 56 year), sex (53% Females), race (71.4% Caucasian, 12.2% Asian and 8.2% Black), renal impairment including dialysis, or hepatic impairment (mild, moderate, and severe).
Drug Interaction Studies
No drug-drug interaction studies have been conducted with GAMIFANT.
13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY
13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
No carcinogenicity or genotoxicity studies have been conducted with emapalumab-lzsg.
No studies have been conducted to evaluate the effects of emapalumab-lzsg on fertility; however, no adverse effects on male or female reproductive organs were observed in the 8- or 13-week repeat-dose toxicity studies in cynomolgus monkeys.
The efficacy of GAMIFANT was evaluated in a multicenter, open-label, single-arm trial NI- 0501-04 (NCT01818492) in 27 pediatric patients with suspected or confirmed primary HLH with either refractory, recurrent, or progressive disease during conventional HLH therapy or who were intolerant of conventional HLH therapy.
Patients were required to fulfill the following criteria for enrollment: primary HLH based on a molecular diagnosis or family history consistent with primary HLH or five out of the 8 criteria fulfilled: fever, splenomegaly, cytopenias affecting 2 of 3 lineages in the peripheral blood (hemoglobin < 9 , platelets < 100 x 109/L, neutrophils < 1 x 109/L), hypertriglyceridemia (fasting triglycerides > 3 mmol/L or ≥ 265 mg/dL) and/or hypofibrinogenemia (≤ 1.5 g/L), hemophagocytosis in bone marrow, spleen, or lymph nodes with no evidence of malignancy, low or absent NK-cell activity, ferritin ≥ 500 mcg/L, soluble CD25 ≥ 2400 U/mL. Patients had to have evidence of active disease as assessed by treating physician. Patients had to fulfill one of the following criteria as assessed by the treating physician: having not responded or not achieved a satisfactory response or not maintained a satisfactory response to conventional HLH therapy, or intolerance to conventional HLH treatments. Patients with active infections caused by specific pathogens favored by IFNγ neutralization were excluded from the trial (e.g., mycobacteria and Histoplasma Capsulatum). Patients received prophylaxis for Herpes Zoster, Pneumocystis jirovecii, and fungal infections.
Twenty-seven patients enrolled and received treatment in the study and twenty patients (74%) completed the study. Seven patients (26%) were prematurely withdrawn. Twenty-two patients (81%) enrolled onto the open-label extension study which monitored patients for up to 1 year after HSCT or after the last GAMIFANT infusion (NI-0501-05; NCT02069899).
The study treatment duration was up to 8 weeks after which patients could continue treatment on the extension study. All patients received an initial starting dose of GAMIFANT of 1 mg/kg every 3 days. Subsequent doses could be increased to a maximum of 10 mg/kg based on clinical and laboratory parameters interpreted as unsatisfactory response. Forty-four percent of patients remained at a dose of 1 mg/kg, 30% of patients increased to 3-4 mg/kg and 26% of patients increased to 6-10 mg/kg. The median time to dose increase was 27 days (range: 3-31 days) with 22% of patients requiring a dose increase in the first week of treatment.
All patients received dexamethasone as background HLH treatment with doses between 5 to 10 mg/m2/day. Cyclosporine A was continued if administered prior to screening. Patients receiving methotrexate and glucocorticoids administered intrathecally at baseline could continue these treatments.
In Study NI-0501-04, the median patient age was 1 year (0.2 to 13). Fifty-nine percent of the patients were female, 63% were Caucasian, 11% were Asian, and 11% were Black.
A genetic mutation known to cause HLH was present in 82% of patients. The most frequent causative mutations were FHL3-UNC13D (MUNC 13-4) (26%), FHL2-PRF1 (19%), and Griscelli Syndrome type 2 (19%).
The HLH mutations in the population enrolled are described in Table 3.
|
GAMIFANT (N=27) |
HLH Genetic Confirmation |
22 (82) |
FHL3 – UNC13D |
7 (26) |
FHL2 – PRF1 |
5 (19) |
Griscelli Syndrome type 2 (RAB27A) |
5 (19) |
FHL5 – STXBP2 (UNC18B) |
2 (7.4) |
FHL4 – STX11 |
1 (3.7) |
X-linked Lymphoproliferative Disorder 1 |
1 (3.7) |
X-linked Lymphoproliferative Disorder 2 |
1 (3.7) |
All patients received previous HLH treatments. Patients received a median of 3 prior agents before enrollment into the trial. Prior regimens included combinations of the following agents: dexamethasone, etoposide, cyclosporine A, and anti-thymocyte globulin.
At baseline entry into the study, 78% of patients had elevated ferritin levels, thrombocytopenia (70% with platelet count of < 100 x 109cells/L), hypertriglyceridemia (67%) with triglyceride level > 3 mmol/L. Central nervous system findings were present in 37% of patients. Forty-one percent of patients had active infections not due to specific pathogens favored by IFNγ neutralization at the time of GAMIFANT initiation.
The efficacy of GAMIFANT was based upon overall response rate (ORR) at the end of treatment, defined as achievement of either a complete or partial response or HLH improvement. ORR was evaluated using an algorithm that included the following objective clinical and laboratory parameters: fever, splenomegaly, central nervous system symptoms, complete blood count, fibrinogen and/or D-dimer, ferritin, and soluble CD25 (also referred to as soluble interleukin-2 receptor) levels. Complete response was defined as normalization of all HLH abnormalities (i.e., no fever, no splenomegaly, neutrophils > 1x109/L, platelets > 100x109/L, ferritin < 2,000 mg/L, fibrinogen > 1.50 g/L, D-dimer < 500 ug/L, normal CNS symptoms, no worsening of sCD25 > 2-fold baseline). Partial response was defined as normalization of ≥ 3 HLH abnormalities. HLH improvement was defined as ≥ 3 HLH abnormalities improved by at least 50% from baseline.
GAMIFANT |
|
(N=27) |
|
Overall Response Rate |
|
N (%) |
17 (63) |
(95% CI) |
(0.42, 0.81) |
p-value† |
0.013 |
Overall Response by Category |
|
Complete response, n (%) |
7 (26) |
Partial response |
8 (30) |
HLH improvement |
2 (7.4) |
†p-value based on Exact Binomial Test at a one-sided significance level of 2.5% comparing proportion of patients with overall response to hypothesized null hypothesis of 40%.
CI = confidence interval
The median duration of first response, defined as time from achievement of first response to loss of first response, is not reached (range: 4-56+ days). Seventy percent (19/27) of patients proceeded to HSCT.
16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING
GAMIFANT (emapalumab-lzsg) injection is a sterile, clear to slightly opalescent, colorless to slightly yellow solution supplied in the following packaging configuration:
NDC 72171-501-01 – containing one 10 mg/2 mL (5 mg/mL) single-dose vial NDC 72171-505-01 – containing one 50 mg/10 mL (5 mg/mL) single-dose vial
Store GAMIFANT in a refrigerator at 2ºC to 8ºC (36ºF to 46ºF) in original carton to protect from light. Do not freeze or shake. This product contains no preservative.
17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION
Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide).
Infections
Inform patients and their caregivers of the risk of developing infections during treatment with GAMIFANT, and to report any symptoms of infection [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].
Vaccinations
Advise patients and their caregivers that the patient should not receive live or live attenuated vaccines during GAMIFANT treatment[see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].
Infusion-Related Reactions
Advise patients and their caregivers of the potential for developing infusion-related reactions during treatment with GAMIFANT[see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].
Manufactured by:
Novimmune SA Geneva, Switzerland
U.S. License Number 2082
Distributed by:
Sobi Inc.
890 Winter Street
Waltham, MA 02451
Manufactured at:
Patheon Italia S.p.A
2° Trav. SX Via Morolense, 5 03013-Ferentino Italy
Product of the United Kingdom
MEDICATION GUIDE GAMIFANT® (gam’ i fant) (emapalumab-lzsg) injection, for intravenous use |
What is the most important information I should know about GAMIFANT? GAMIFANT can cause serious side effects including: Infections. GAMIFANT is a medicine that affects your immune system and may lower the ability of your immune system to fight infections. GAMIFANT may increase your risk of serious infections that can lead to death. These infections include tuberculosis (TB), histoplasmosis, Herpes zoster infection (shingles) and other infections caused by viruses, fungi or bacteria that can spread throughout the body. Your healthcare provider will: • test you for TB before you start treatment with GAMIFANT. • treat you with a medicine for TB if you at risk for TB or if you have a known positive TB test. Infections are common in people treated with GAMIFANT. Before starting GAMIFANT, tell your healthcare provider if you: • had TB in the past, or if you or a member of your family have been in recent close contact with someone with TB. • have ever had a positive TB skin test (PPD). • currently have or have had history of infections, including histoplasmosis or Herpes zoster (shingles). • are being treated for an active infection. • have symptoms of an infection, such as fever, sweat and chills, cough, breathing problems, blood in mucus (phlegm), warm, red, or painful skin or sores on your body. Your healthcare provider will give you medicine to help prevent certain infections before you receive GAMIFANT. After starting GAMIFANT, tell your healthcare provider if: • new symptoms of an infection appear. • symptoms of an infection that you already had when starting GAMIFANT worsen. Your healthcare provider will monitor you closely for signs and symptoms of infections during treatment with GAMIFANT. See “What are the possible side effects of GAMIFANT?” for more information about side effects. |
What is GAMIFANT? GAMIFANT is a prescription medicine used for the treatment of adults and children (newborn and older) with primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) whose disease has come back or progressed, or other medicines have not worked well enough or cannot be tolerated. |
Before you receive GAMIFANT, tell your healthcare provider about all of your medical conditions including if you: • have an infection (see “What is the most important information I should know about GAMIFANT?”) • have received or are scheduled to receive an immunization (vaccine). You should not receive “live or attenuated- live” vaccines during your treatment with GAMIFANT and for at least 4 weeks after the last dose of GAMIFANT. • are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. It is not known if GAMIFANT can harm your unborn baby. • are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. It is not known if GAMIFANT passes into your breast milk. Talk to your healthcare provider about the best way to feed your baby during treatment with GAMIFANT. Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. |
How will I receive GAMIFANT? • You will receive GAMIFANT through a vein by intravenous (IV) infusion over 1 hour. • Your healthcare provider will monitor you during the infusion for side effects. • GAMIFANT is given 2 times a week (every 3 to 4 days). • Your healthcare provider will do blood tests during your treatment with GAMIFANT to see how well you respond to treatment. • GAMIFANT is used with another prescription medicine called dexamethasone. You can ask your healthcare provider for information about dexamethasone. |
What are the possible side effects of GAMIFANT? GAMIFANT can cause serious side effects, including: • See “What is the most important information I should know about GAMIFANT?” • Infusion reactions. Infusion reactions are common with GAMIFANT, and can also be severe. Infusion reactions can happen during or shortly after treatment with GAMIFANT. Your healthcare provider may temporarily stop your infusion and treat your symptoms before continuing your infusion if you have severe infusion reactions. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you get any of the following symptoms: |
o skin redness o chills o itching o chest pain o fever o shortness of breath o rash o nausea or vomiting o excessive sweating o lightheadedness or dizziness
The most common side effects of GAMIFANT include: high blood pressure (hypertension) and fever. These are not all of the possible side effects of GAMIFANT. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. |
General information about the safe and effective use of GAMIFANT. Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Medication Guide. You can ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist for information about GAMIFANT that is written for health professionals. |
What are the ingredients in GAMIFANT? Active ingredient: emapalumab-lzsg Inactive ingredients: L-Histidine, L-Histidine monohydrochloride, monohydrate, Polysorbate 80, sodium chloride, and Water for Injection, USP Manufactured at: Patheon Italia S.p.A. 2° Trav. SX Via Morolense, 5, 03013-Ferentino Italy Manufactured by: Novimmune SA, Geneva Switzerland, U.S. License Number 2082 Distributed by: Sobi Inc., 890 Winter Street, Waltham, MA 02451 Product of the United Kingdom For more information call 1-866-773-5274 or go to www.gamifant.com |
This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Issued: 11/2018