等待内容更新

【药品名称】

  通用名称：拉米夫定片

  商品名称：拉米夫定片(贺普丁)

  英文名称：Lamivudine Tablets

  拼音全码：LaMiFuDingPian(HePuDing)

【主要成份】 本品主要成份为拉米夫定。

【性 状】 本品为薄膜衣片，除去薄膜衣后显白色。

【适应症/功能主治】 适用于伴有丙氨酸氨基转移酶[ALT]升高和病毒活动复制的、肝功能代偿的成年慢性乙型肝炎病人的治疗。

【规格型号】0.1g*14s（贺普丁）

【用法用量】口服，成人一次0.1g，一日1次。详见内包装说明书。

【不良反应】常见的不良反应有上呼吸道感染样症状、头痛、恶心、身体不适、腹痛和腹泻，症状一般较轻并可自行缓解。详见内包装说明书。

【禁 忌】对本品过敏者禁用。

【注意事项】 1.应提醒病人注意，拉米夫定不是一种可以根治乙型肝炎的药物。病人必须在有乙肝治疗经验的专科医生指导下用药,不能自行停药，并需在治疗中进行定期监测。至少应每3个月测一次ALT水平，每6个月测一次HBVDNA和HBeAg。 2.HBsAg阳性但ALT水平正常的病人，即使HbeAg和/或HBVDNA阳性，也不宜开始拉米夫定治疗，应定期随访观察，根据病情变化而再考虑。 3.随着拉米夫定治疗时间的延长，在部分病人中可检测到乙型肝炎病毒的YMDD变异株，这种变异株对拉米夫定的敏感性下降。

【儿童用药】在中国尚无儿童使用拉米夫定的数据。

【老年患者用药】参见成人用法用量。

【孕妇及哺乳期妇女用药】妊娠3个月内的患者不宜使用本品。妊娠3个月以上的患者使用本品需权衡利弊。哺乳妇女服用本品时暂停哺乳。

【药物相互作用】由于本品的药物代谢和血浆蛋白结合率低，并主要以药物原型经肾脏清除，故与其它药物代谢物之间的潜在相互作用的发生率很低。拉米夫定主要是以活性有机阳离子的形式清除。在与具有相同排泄机制的药物同时使用时，特别是当该药物的主要清除途径是通过有机阳离子转运系统的主动肾脏分泌时(如三甲氧苄氨嘧啶)，应考虑其相互作用。其他以这种机制清除的部分药物(如雷尼替丁，西咪替丁)，经研究表明与拉米夫定无相互作用。主要以活性有机阴离子形式或经肾小球滤过排出的药物与拉米夫定不会发生具有显著临床意义的相互作用。拉米夫定与三甲氧苄氨嘧啶(160mg)/磺胺甲恶唑(800mg)同时服用后，可使拉米夫定的暴露量增加40％。但拉米夫定并不影响三甲氧苄氨嘧啶/磺胺甲恶唑的药代动力学特性。所以除非患者有肾功能损伤，否则无须调整拉米夫定的用药剂量。当拉米夫定与齐多夫定同时服用时，可观察到齐多夫定的Cmax有适度的增加，约28%，但系统生物利用度（药时曲线下面积AUC）无显著变化。齐多夫定不影响拉米夫定的药代动力学特性（参见药代动力学）。同时使用拉米夫定与(-干扰素，二者之间无药代动力学的相互作用；临床上未观察到拉米夫定与常用的免疫。

【药物过量】在有限的关于人类急性服用过量药物的资料中，没有死亡发生，且患者均已康复。过量服用后未见特殊的体征和症状。虽然对此尚无相关的研究，如果发生了药物过量，要对患者进行监护，并按要求给予常规的支持性治疗。因为拉米夫定可透析清除，所以当用药过量且出现临床症状或体征时，可采取连续的血液透析进行治疗。

【药理毒理】药理作用拉米夫定为核苷类似物，可在细胞内磷酸化，成为拉米夫定三磷酸盐(L-TP)，并以环腺苷磷酸形式通过乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)多聚酶嵌入到病毒DNA中，导致DNA链合成中止。拉米夫定三磷酸盐是哺乳动物(、(和(-DNA多聚酶的弱抑制剂。在体外实验中，拉米夫定三磷酸盐在肝细胞中的半衰期为17-19小时。拉米夫定为一种抗病毒药，在多种实验细胞系及感染动物模型上均表现出对乙型肝炎病毒的抑制作用。但其中有两种动物模型(小鸭和黑猩猩)在停止本品治疗后的4和14天内分别出现乙型肝炎病毒的血清DNA水平回升。长期使用拉米夫定，可导致HBV对其敏感性降低。病毒株基因型分析显示，此种变化与HBV聚合酶催化反应区YMDD序列552位点上的蛋氨酸被缬氨酸或异亮氨酸取代以及528位点上的亮氨酸被蛋氨酸取代有关。在体外，含YMDD变异的HBV重组体的复制能力低于野生型HBV。目前尚不清楚HBV的其它变异是否与其对拉米夫定的体外敏感性下降有关。毒理研究遗传毒性拉米夫定在微生物致突变试验和体外细胞转化实验中未显示致突变活性，但在体外培养人淋巴细胞和小鼠淋巴瘤实验中显示出其微弱的致突变活性。大鼠经口给予拉米夫定2000mg/kg(血药浓度为慢性乙型肝炎患者推荐临床剂量下的60-70倍)，未见明显的遗传毒性。生殖毒性大鼠经口给予拉米夫定4000mg/kg/天(血药浓度为人临床血药浓度的80-120倍)，其生育力和断奶后仔代的存活、生长、发育未受明显影响。大鼠和家兔分别经口给予拉米夫定4000和1000mg/kg/天(血药浓度约为人临床推荐剂量血药浓度的60倍)，均未表现出明显的致畸作用。当家兔血药浓度与人临床推荐剂量的血药浓度相近时，出现早期胚胎死亡率升高。但大鼠血药浓度达到相当于人临床推荐剂量血药浓度的60倍时，未见此类现象发生。对妊娠大鼠和家兔的研究结果显示，拉米夫定可以穿过胎盘进入胎仔体内。尚无拉米夫定用于妊娠妇女的充分和严格对照的临床研究资料。哺乳期大鼠乳汁中拉米夫定浓度和其在血浆中的浓度相近。致癌性：大鼠和小鼠的长期致癌试验结果显示，当暴露水平达到人临床暴露水平的34倍(小鼠)和200倍(大鼠)时，未表现出明显的致癌性。

【药代动力学】吸收：拉米夫定可被胃肠道良好吸收，正常情况下成人口服拉米夫定后生物利用度为80～85％。口服给药后，最大血药浓度(Cmax)的平均达峰时间(Tmax)约为1小时。以每日一次，每次100mg的治疗剂量给予拉米夫定，其最大血药浓度Cmax为1.1～1.5(g/ml(4.8-6.5(mol/L)左右，谷值血药浓度为0.015～0.020(g/ml(0.065-0.087(mol/L)。拉米夫定与食物同时服用可延迟Tmax并降低Cmax(最大至47%)，但不会改变其生物利用度(按药时曲线下面积计算)，因此，饭前和饭后服用本品均可。分布：静脉给药研究结果表明,拉米夫定平均分布容积为1.3L/kg，在治疗剂量范围内药代动力学呈线性，并且与白蛋白的血浆蛋白结合率较低(<36%)。有限的资料表明拉米夫定可通过中枢神经系统，进入脑脊液(CSF)中，口服拉米夫定2～4小时后，脑脊液/血清中药物浓度的比值平均约为0.12。代谢：代谢是拉米夫定清除的一个次要途径，唯一已知的拉米夫定在人体中的代谢物是转硫代谢物。由于拉米夫定的肝脏代谢程度低(5～10%)，且血浆蛋白结合率低，所以拉米夫定与其代谢物之间发生相互作用的可能性很小。排泄：拉米夫定主要以原形经肾小球过滤和分泌(有机阳离子转运系统)，自尿中排泄，肾清除约占其总清除的70%，平均系统清除率为0.3L/h/kg,清除半衰期为5～7小时。特殊人群：对肾功能损伤者的研究显示肾功能不全影响拉米夫定的清除。对肌酐清除率<50ml/分的患者应降低用药剂量(参见用法用量)。肝功能损伤对拉米夫定的药代动力学特性无影响。在肝移植患者中的有限的研究表明，除非伴有肾功能损害，否则单纯肝功能损害对拉米夫定的药代动力学特性无影响。老年人机体正常老化伴有肾脏功能减退者在临床上对拉米夫定的药代动力学特性无显著影响，只有在肌酐清除率<50ml/min时才会有所影响(参见用法用量)。

【贮 藏】遮光，密封保存。

 

【有 效 期】36 月

 

【生产企业】葛兰素史克制药 公司

 

EPIVIR 
(lamivudine) Tablets for Oral Use

EPIVIR 
(lamivudine) oral solution

WARNING

EXACERBATIONS OF HEPATITIS B, and DIFFERENT FORMULATIONS OF EPIVIR.

Exacerbations of Hepatitis B

Severe acute exacerbations of hepatitis B have been reported in patients who are co-infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) and have discontinued EPIVIR. Hepatic function should be monitored closely with both clinical and laboratory follow-up for at least several months in patients who discontinue EPIVIR and are co-infected with HIV-1 and HBV. If appropriate, initiation of anti-hepatitis B therapy may be warranted [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Important Differences among Lamivudine-Containing Products

EPIVIR tablets and oral solution (used to treat HIV-1 infection) contain a higher dose of the active ingredient (lamivudine) than EPIVIR-HBV tablets and oral solution (used to treat chronic HBV infection). Patients with HIV-1 infection should receive only dosage forms appropriate for treatment of HIV-1 [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

DESCRIPTION

EPIVIR (also known as 3TC) is a brand name for lamivudine, a synthetic nucleoside analogue with activity against HIV-1 and HBV. The chemical name of lamivudine is (2R,cis)-4-amino-1(2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl)-(1H)-pyrimidin-2-one. Lamivudine is the (-)enantiomer of a dideoxy analogue of cytidine. Lamivudine has also been referred to as (-)2',3'-dideoxy, 3'thiacytidine. It has a molecular formula of C8H11N3O3S and a molecular weight of 229.3 g per mol. It has the following structural formula:

Lamivudine is a white to off-white crystalline solid with a solubility of approximately 70 mg per mL in water at 20°C.

EPIVIR tablets are for oral administration. Each scored 150-mg film-coated tablet contains 150 mg of lamivudine and the inactive ingredients hypromellose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polysorbate 80, sodium starch glycolate, and titanium dioxide.

Each 300-mg film-coated tablet contains 300 mg of lamivudine and the inactive ingredients black iron oxide, hypromellose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polysorbate 80, sodium starch glycolate, and titanium dioxide.

EPIVIR oral solution is for oral administration. One milliliter (1 mL) of EPIVIR oral solution contains 10 mg of lamivudine (10 mg per mL) in an aqueous solution and the inactive ingredients artificial strawberry and banana flavors, citric acid (anhydrous), methylparaben, propylene glycol, propylparaben, sodium citrate (dihydrate), and sucrose (200 mg).

Indications & Dosage

INDICATIONS

EPIVIR is a nucleoside analogue indicated in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection.

Limitations Of Use

· The dosage of this product is for HIV-1 and not for HBV.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATIONRecommended Dosage For Adult Patients

The recommended dosage of EPIVIR in HIV-1-infected adults is 300 mg daily, administered as either 150 mg taken orally twice daily or 300 mg taken orally once daily with or without food. If lamivudine is administered to a patient infected with HIV-1 and HBV, the dosage indicated for HIV-1 therapy should be used as part of an appropriate combination regimen [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Recommended Dosage For Pediatric Patients

EPIVIR scored tablet is the preferred formulation for HIV-1-infected pediatric patients who weigh at least 14 kg and for whom a solid dosage form is appropriate. Before prescribing EPIVIR scored tablets, pediatric patients should be assessed for the ability to swallow tablets. For patients unable to safely and reliably swallow EPIVIR tablets, the oral solution formulation may be prescribed [seeWARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. The recommended oral dosage of EPIVIR tablets for HIV-1-infected pediatric patients is presented in Table 1.

Table 1: Dosing Recommendations for EPIVIR Scored (150-mg) Tablets in Pediatric Patients

Oral Solution

The recommended dosage of EPIVIR oral solution in HIV-1-infected pediatric patients aged 3 months and older is 5 mg per kg taken orally twice daily or 10 mg per kg taken orally once daily (up to a maximum of 300 mg daily), administered in combination with other antiretroviral agents [seeCLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. Consider HIV-1 viral load and CD4+ cell count/percentage when selecting the dosing interval for patients initiating treatment with oral solution [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Patients With Renal Impairment

Dosing of EPIVIR is adjusted in accordance with renal function. Dosage adjustments are listed in Table 2 [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Table 2: Adjustment of Dosage of EPIVIR in Adults and Adolescents (Greater than or Equal to 25 kg) in Accordance with Creatinine Clearance

No additional dosing of EPIVIR is required after routine (4-hour) hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis.

Although there are insufficient data to recommend a specific dose adjustment of EPIVIR in pediatric patients with renal impairment, a reduction in the dose and/or an increase in the dosing interval should be considered.

HOW SUPPLIEDDosage Forms And StrengthsEPIVIR Scored Tablets

EPIVIR scored tablets contain 150 mg of lamivudine. The tablets are white, diamond-shaped, scored, film-coated tablets debossed with “GX CJ7” on both sides.

EPIVIR Tablets

EPIVIR tablets contain 300 mg of lamivudine. The tablets are gray, modified diamond-shaped, film-coated, and engraved with “GX EJ7” on one side and plain on the reverse side.

EPIVIR Oral Solution

EPIVIR oral solution contains 10 mg of lamivudine per 1 mL. The solution is a clear, colorless to pale yellow, strawberry-banana flavored liquid.

Storage And Handling

EPIVIR scored tablets contain 150 mg of lamivudine, are white, diamond-shaped, film-coated,and debossed with “GX CJ7” on both sides. Packaged as follows:

Bottle of 60 tablets (NDC 49702-203-18) with child-resistant closure.

EPIVIR tablets contain 300 mg of lamivudine, are gray, modified diamond-shaped, film-coated, and engraved with “GX EJ7” on one side and plain on the reverse side. Packaged as follows:

Bottle of 30 tablets (NDC 49702-204-13) with child-resistant closure.

Recommended Storage

Store EPIVIR tablets at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].

EPIVIR oral solution is a clear, colorless to pale yellow, strawberry-banana-flavored liquid. Each mL of the solution contains 10 mg of lamivudine. Packaged as follows:

Plastic bottle of 240 mL (NDC 49702-205-48) with child-resistant closure. This product does not require reconstitution.

Store in tightly closed bottles at 25°C (77°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].

Manufactured for: ViiV Healthcare Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. by: GlaxoSmithKline Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, Manufactured under agreement from Shire Pharmaceuticals Group plc. Revised: Apr 2018  

Side Effects

SIDE EFFECTS

The following adverse reactions are discussed in other sections of the labeling:

· Exacerbations of hepatitis B [see BOXED WARNING, WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

· Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

· Hepatic decompensation in patients co-infected with HIV-1 and hepatitis C [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

· Pancreatitis [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

· Immune reconstitution syndrome [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Clinical Trials ExperienceClinical Trials Experience In Adult Subjects

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared with rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.

The safety profile of EPIVIR in adults is primarily based on 3,568 HIV-1-infected subjects in 7 clinical trials.

The most common adverse reactions are headache, nausea, malaise, fatigue, nasal signs and symptoms, diarrhea, and cough.

Selected clinical adverse reactions in greater than or equal to 5% of subjects during therapy with EPIVIR 150 mg twice daily plus RETROVIR 200 mg 3 times daily for up to 24 weeks are listed in Table 3.

Table 3: Selected Clinical Adverse Reactions (Greater than or Equal to 5% Frequency) in Four Controlled Clinical Trials (NUCA3001, NUCA3002, NUCB3001, NUCB3002)

Pancreatitis

Pancreatitis was observed in 9 out of 2,613 adult subjects (0.3%) who received EPIVIR in controlled clinical trials EPV20001, NUCA3001, NUCB3001, NUCA3002, NUCB3002, and NUCB3007 [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

EPIVIR 300 mg Once Daily

The types and frequencies of clinical adverse reactions reported in subjects receiving EPIVIR 300 mg once daily or EPIVIR 150 mg twice daily (in 3-drug combination regimens in EPV20001 and EPV40001) for 48 weeks were similar.

Selected laboratory abnormalities observed during therapy are summarized in Table 4.

Table 4: Frequencies of Selected Grade 3-4 Laboratory Abnormalities in Adults in Four 24-Week Surrogate Endpoint Trials (NUCA3001, NUCA3002, NUCB3001, NUCB3002) and a Clinical Endpoint Trial (NUCB3007)

The frequencies of selected laboratory abnormalities reported in subjects receiving EPIVIR 300 mg once daily or EPIVIR 150 mg twice daily (in 3-drug combination regimens in EPV20001 and EPV40001) were similar.

Clinical Trials Experience In Pediatric Subjects

EPIVIR oral solution has been studied in 638 pediatric subjects aged 3 months to 18 years in 3 clinical trials.

Selected clinical adverse reactions and physical findings with a greater than or equal to 5% frequency during therapy with EPIVIR 4 mg per kg twice daily plus RETROVIR 160 mg per m² 3 times daily in therapy-naive (less than or equal to 56 days of antiretroviral therapy) pediatric subjects are listed in Table 5.

Table 5: Selected Clinical Adverse Reactions and Physical Findings (Greater than or Equal to 5% Frequency) in Pediatric Subjects in Trial ACTG300

Pancreatitis

Pancreatitis, which has been fatal in some cases, has been observed in antiretroviral nucleoside-experienced pediatric subjects receiving EPIVIR alone or in combination with other antiretroviral agents. In an open-label dose-escalation trial (NUCA2002), 14 subjects (14%) developed pancreatitis while receiving monotherapy with EPIVIR. Three of these subjects died of complications of pancreatitis. In a second open-label trial (NUCA2005), 12 subjects (18%) developed pancreatitis. In Trial ACTG300, pancreatitis was not observed in 236 subjects randomized to EPIVIR plus RETROVIR. Pancreatitis was observed in 1 subject in this trial who received open-label EPIVIR in combination with RETROVIR and ritonavir following discontinuation of didanosine monotherapy [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Paresthesias And Peripheral Neuropathies

Paresthesias and peripheral neuropathies were reported in 15 subjects (15%) in Trial NUCA2002, 6 subjects (9%) in Trial NUCA2005, and 2 subjects (less than 1%) in Trial ACTG300.

Selected laboratory abnormalities experienced by therapy-naive (less than or equal to 56 days of antiretroviral therapy) pediatric subjects are listed in Table 6.

Table 6: Frequencies of Selected Grade 3-4 Laboratory Abnormalities in Pediatric Subjects in Trial ACTG300

Pediatric Subjects Once-Daily Versus Twice-Daily Dosing (COL105677)

The safety of once-daily compared with twice-daily dosing of EPIVIR was assessed in the ARROW trial. Primary safety assessment in the ARROW trial was based on Grade 3 and Grade 4 adverse events. The frequency of Grade 3 and 4 adverse events was similar among subjects randomized to once-daily dosing compared with subjects randomized to twice-daily dosing. One event of Grade 4 hepatitis in the once-daily cohort was considered as uncertain causality by the investigator and all other Grade 3 or 4 adverse events were considered not related by the investigator.

Neonates

Limited short-term safety information is available from 2 small, uncontrolled trials in South Africa in neonates receiving lamivudine with or without zidovudine for the first week of life following maternal treatment starting at Week 38 or 36 of gestation [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. Selected adverse reactions reported in these neonates included increased liver function tests, anemia, diarrhea, electrolyte disturbances, hypoglycemia, jaundice and hepatomegaly, rash, respiratory infections, and sepsis; 3 neonates died (1 from gastroenteritis with acidosis and convulsions, 1 from traumatic injury, and 1 from unknown causes). Two other nonfatal gastroenteritis or diarrhea cases were reported, including 1 with convulsions; 1 infant had transient renal insufficiency associated with dehydration. The absence of control groups limits assessments of causality, but it should be assumed that perinatally exposed infants may be at risk for adverse reactions comparable to those reported in pediatric and adult HIV-1-infected patients treated with lamivudine-containing combination regimens. Long-term effects of in utero and infant lamivudine exposure are not known.

Postmarketing Experience

The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of EPIVIR. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of unknown size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. These reactions have been chosen for inclusion due to a combination of their seriousness, frequency of reporting, or potential causal connection to lamivudine.

Body as a Whole

Redistribution/accumulation of body fat.

Endocrine and Metabolic

Hyperglycemia.

General

Weakness. Hemic and Lymphatic Anemia (including pure red cell aplasia and severe anemias progressing on therapy).

Hepatic and Pancreatic

Lactic acidosis and hepatic steatosis [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS], posttreatment exacerbations of hepatitis B [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Hypersensitivity

Anaphylaxis, urticaria.

Musculoskeletal

Muscle weakness, CPK elevation, rhabdomyolysis. Skin Alopecia, pruritus.

Drug Interactions

DRUG INTERACTIONSDrugs Inhibiting Organic Cation Transporters

Lamivudine is predominantly eliminated in the urine by active organic cationic secretion. The possibility of interactions with other drugs administered concurrently should be considered, particularly when their main route of elimination is active renal secretion via the organic cationic transport system (e.g., trimethoprim) [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. No data are available regarding interactions with other drugs that have renal clearance mechanisms similar to that of lamivudine.

Sorbitol

Coadministration of single doses of lamivudine and sorbitol resulted in a sorbitol dose-dependent reduction in lamivudine exposures. When possible, avoid use of sorbitol-containing medicines with lamivudine [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Warnings & Precautions

WARNINGS

Included as part of the PRECAUTIONS section.

PRECAUTIONSPatients With Hepatitis B Virus Co-infectionPosttreatment Exacerbations of Hepatitis

Clinical and laboratory evidence of exacerbations of hepatitis have occurred after discontinuation of lamivudine. These exacerbations have been detected primarily by serum ALT elevations in addition to re-emergence of HBV DNA. Although most events appear to have been self-limited, fatalities have been reported in some cases. Similar events have been reported from postmarketing experience after changes from lamivudine-containing HIV-1 treatment regimens to non-lamivudine-containing regimens in patients infected with both HIV-1 and HBV. The causal relationship to discontinuation of lamivudine treatment is unknown. Patients should be closely monitored with both clinical and laboratory follow-up for at least several months after stopping treatment.

Important Differences Among Lamivudine-Containing Products

EPIVIR tablets and oral solution contain a higher dose of the same active ingredient (lamivudine) than EPIVIR-HBV tablets and EPIVIR-HBV oral solution. EPIVIR-HBV was developed for patients with chronic hepatitis B. The formulation and dosage of lamivudine in EPIVIR-HBV are not appropriate for patients co-infected with HIV-1 and HBV. Safety and efficacy of lamivudine have not been established for treatment of chronic hepatitis B in patients co-infected with HIV-1 and HBV. If treatment with EPIVIR-HBV is prescribed for chronic hepatitis B for a patient with unrecognized or untreated HIV-1 infection, rapid emergence of HIV-1 resistance is likely to result because of the subtherapeutic dose and the inappropriateness of monotherapy HIV-1 treatment. If a decision is made to administer lamivudine to patients co-infected with HIV-1 and HBV, EPIVIR tablets, EPIVIR oral solution, or another product containing the higher dose of lamivudine should be used as part of an appropriate combination regimen.

Emergence Of Lamivudine-Resistant HBV

Safety and efficacy of lamivudine have not been established for treatment of chronic hepatitis B in subjects dually infected with HIV-1 and HBV (see full prescribing information for EPIVIR-HBV). Emergence of hepatitis B virus variants associated with resistance to lamivudine has also been reported in HIV-1-infected subjects who have received lamivudine-containing antiretroviral regimens in the presence of concurrent infection with hepatitis B virus.

Lactic Acidosis And Severe Hepatomegaly With Steatosis

Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases, have been reported with the use of nucleoside analogues, including EPIVIR. A majority of these cases have been in women. Female sex and obesity may be risk factors for the development of lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis in patients treated with antiretroviral nucleoside analogues. Treatment with EPIVIR should be suspended in any patient who develops clinical or laboratory findings suggestive of lactic acidosis or pronounced hepatotoxicity, which may include hepatomegaly and steatosis even in the absence of marked transaminase elevations.

Use With Interferon-And Ribavirin-Based Regimens

In vitro studies have shown ribavirin can reduce the phosphorylation of pyrimidine nucleoside analogues such as lamivudine. Although no evidence of a pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interaction (e.g., loss of HIV-1/HCV virologic suppression) was seen when ribavirin was coadministered with lamivudine in HIV-1/HCV co-infected patients [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY], hepatic decompensation (some fatal) has occurred in HIV-1/HCV co-infected patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 and interferon alfa with or without ribavirin. Patients receiving interferon alfa with or without ribavirin and EPIVIR should be closely monitored for treatment-associated toxicities, especially hepatic decompensation. Discontinuation of EPIVIR should be considered as medically appropriate. Dose reduction or discontinuation of interferon alfa, ribavirin, or both should also be considered if worsening clinical toxicities are observed, including hepatic decompensation (e.g., Child-Pugh greater than 6). See the full prescribing information for interferon and ribavirin.

Pancreatitis

In pediatric patients with a history of prior antiretroviral nucleoside exposure, a history of pancreatitis, or other significant risk factors for the development of pancreatitis, EPIVIR should be used with caution. Treatment with EPIVIR should be stopped immediately if clinical signs, symptoms, or laboratory abnormalities suggestive of pancreatitis occur [see ADVERSE REACTIONS].

Immune Reconstitution Syndrome

Immune reconstitution syndrome has been reported in patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy, including EPIVIR. During the initial phase of combination antiretroviral treatment, patients whose immune systems respond may develop an inflammatory response to indolent or residual opportunistic infections (such as Mycobacterium avium infection, cytomegalovirus, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia [PCP], or tuberculosis), which may necessitate further evaluation and treatment.

Autoimmune disorders (such as Graves’ disease, polymyositis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome) have also been reported to occur in the setting of immune reconstitution, however, the time to onset is more variable, and can occur many months after initiation of treatment.

Lower Virologic Suppression Rates And Increased Risk Of Viral Resistance With Oral Solution

Pediatric subjects who received EPIVIR oral solution (at weight band-based doses approximating 8 mg per kg per day) concomitantly with other antiretroviral oral solutions at any time in the ARROW trial had lower rates of virologic suppression, lower plasma lamivudine exposure, and developed viral resistance more frequently than those receiving EPIVIR tablets [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Microbiology, Clinical Studies].

EPIVIR scored tablet is the preferred formulation for HIV-1-infected pediatric patients who weigh at least 14 kg and for whom a solid dosage form is appropriate. An all-tablet regimen should be used when possible to avoid a potential interaction with sorbitol [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. Consider more frequent monitoring of HIV-1 viral load when treating with EPIVIR oral solution.

Patient Counseling Information

Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Patient Information).

Patients with Hepatitis B Or C Co-infection

Inform patients co-infected with HIV-1 and HBV that deterioration of liver disease has occurred in some cases when treatment with lamivudine was discontinued. Advise patients to discuss any changes in regimen with their healthcare provider [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Inform patients with HIV-1/HCV co-infection that hepatic decompensation (some fatal) has occurred in HIV-1/HCV co-infected patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 and interferon alfa with or without ribavirin [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Differences In Formulations Of EPIVIR

Advise patients that EPIVIR tablets and oral solution contain a higher dose of the same active ingredient (lamivudine) as EPIVIR-HBV tablets and oral solution. If a decision is made to include lamivudine in the HIV-1 treatment regimen of a patient co-infected with HIV-1 and HBV, the formulation and dosage of lamivudine in EPIVIR (not EPIVIR-HBV) should be used [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Lactic Acidosis/Hepatomegaly With Steatosis

Advise patients that lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis have been reported with use of nucleoside analogues and other antiretrovirals. Advise patients to stop taking EPIVIR if they develop clinical symptoms suggestive of lactic acidosis or pronounced hepatotoxicity [seeWARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Risk Of Pancreatitis

Advise parents or guardians to monitor pediatric patients for signs and symptoms of pancreatitis [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Immune Reconstitution Syndrome

Advise patients to inform their healthcare provider immediately of any signs and symptoms of infection as inflammation from previous infection may occur soon after combination antiretroviral therapy, including when EPIVIR is started [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Lower Virologic Suppression Rates And Increased Risk Of Viral Resistance With Oral Solution

Advise patients that an all-tablet regimen should be used when possible due to an increased rate of treatment failure among pediatric subjects who received EPIVIR oral solution concomitantly with other antiretroviral oral solutions [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Sucrose Content Of EPIVIR Oral Solution

Advise diabetic patients that each 15-mL dose of EPIVIR oral solution contains 3 grams of sucrose (1 mL = 200 mg of sucrose) [see DESCRIPTION].

Pregnancy Registry

Advise patients that there is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to EPIVIR during pregnancy [see Use In Specific Populations].

Lactation

Instruct women with HIV-1 infection not to breastfeed because HIV-1 can be passed to the baby in the breast milk [see Use In Specific Populations].

Missed Dosage

Instruct patients that if they miss a dose of EPIVIR, to take it as soon as they remember. Advise patients not to double their next dose or take more than the prescribed dose [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].

EPIVIR and RETROVIR are trademarks owned by or licensed to the ViiV Healthcare group of companies.

Nonclinical ToxicologyCarcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of FertilityCarcinogenesis

Long-term carcinogenicity studies with lamivudine in mice and rats showed no evidence of carcinogenic potential at exposures up to 10 times (mice) and 58 times (rats) the human exposures at the recommended dose of 300 mg.

Mutagenesis

Lamivudine was mutagenic in an L5178Y mouse lymphoma assay and clastogenic in a cytogenetic assay using cultured human lymphocytes. Lamivudine was not mutagenic in a microbial mutagenicity assay, in an in vitro cell transformation assay, in a rat micronucleus test, in a rat bone marrow cytogenetic assay, and in an assay for unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat liver. Lamivudine showed no evidence of in vivo genotoxic activity in the rat at oral doses of up to 2,000 mg per kg, producing plasma levels of 35 to 45 times those in humans at the recommended dose for HIV-1 infection.

Impairment Of Fertility

In a study of reproductive performance, lamivudine administered to rats at doses up to 4,000 mg per kg per day, producing plasma levels 47 to 70 times those in humans, revealed no evidence of impaired fertility and no effect on the survival, growth, and development to weaning of the offspring.

Use In Specific PopulationsPregnancyPregnancy Exposure Registry

There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to EPIVIR during pregnancy. Healthcare providers are encouraged to register patients by calling the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry (APR) at 1-800-258-4263.

Risk Summary

Available data from the APR show no difference in the overall risk of birth defects for lamivudine compared with the background rate for birth defects of 2.7% in the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP) reference population (see Data). The APR uses the MACDP as the U.S. reference population for birth defects in the general population. The MACDP evaluates women and infants from a limited geographic area and does not include outcomes for births that occurred at less than 20 weeks’ gestation. The rate of miscarriage is not reported in the APR. The estimated background rate of miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies in the U.S. general population is 15% to 20%. The background risk for major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown.

In animal reproduction studies, oral administration of lamivudine to pregnant rabbits during organogenesis resulted in embryolethality at systemic exposure (AUC) similar to the recommended clinical dose; however, no adverse development effects were observed with oral administration of lamivudine to pregnant rats during organogenesis at plasma concentrations (Cmax) 35 times the recommended clinical dose (see Data).

Data

Human Data

Based on prospective reports to the APR of over 11,000 exposures to lamivudine during pregnancy resulting in live births (including over 4,500 exposed in the first trimester), there was no difference between the overall risk of birth defects for lamivudine compared with the background birth defect rate of 2.7% in the U.S. reference population of the MACDP. The prevalence of defects in live births was 3.1% (95% CI: 2.6% to 3.6%) following first trimester exposure to lamivudine-containing regimens and 2.8% (95% CI: 2.5% to 3.3%) following second/third trimester exposure to lamivudine-containing regimens.

Lamivudine pharmacokinetics were studied in pregnant women during 2 clinical trials conducted in South Africa. The trials assessed pharmacokinetics in 16 women at 36 weeks’ gestation using 150 mg lamivudine twice daily with zidovudine, 10 women at 38 weeks’ gestation using 150 mg lamivudine twice daily with zidovudine, and 10 women at 38 weeks’ gestation using lamivudine 300 mg twice daily without other antiretrovirals. These trials were not designed or powered to provide efficacy information. Lamivudine concentrations were generally similar in maternal, neonatal, and umbilical cord serum samples. In a subset of subjects, amniotic fluid specimens were collected following natural rupture of membranes and confirmed that lamivudine crosses the placenta in humans. Based on limited data at delivery, median (range) amniotic fluid concentrations of lamivudine were 3.9 (1.2 to 12.8)–fold greater compared with paired maternal serum concentration (n = 8).

Animal Data

Lamivudine was administered orally to pregnant rats (at 90, 600, and 4,000 mg per kg per day) and rabbits (at 90, 300, and 1,000 mg per kg per day and at 15, 40, and 90 mg per kg per day) during organogenesis (on gestation Days 7 through 16 [rat] and 8 through 20 [rabbit]). No evidence of fetal malformations due to lamivudine was observed in rats and rabbits at doses producing plasma concentrations (Cmax) approximately 35 times higher than human exposure at the recommended daily dose. Evidence of early embryolethality was seen in the rabbit at system exposures (AUC) similar to those observed in humans, but there was no indication of this effect in the rat at plasma concentrations (Cmax) 35 times higher than human exposure at the recommended daily dose. Studies in pregnant rats showed that lamivudine is transferred to the fetus through the placenta. In the fertility/pre-and postnatal development study in rats, lamivudine was administered orally at doses of 180, 900, and 4,000 mg per kg per day (from prior to mating through postnatal Day 20). In the study, development of the offspring, including fertility and reproductive performance, was not affected by maternal administration of lamivudine.

LactationRisk Summary

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that HIV-1-infected mothers in the United States not breastfeed their infants to avoid risking postnatal transmission of HIV-1 infection. Lamivudine is present in human milk. There is no information on the effects of lamivudine on the breastfed infant or the effects of the drugs on milk production. Because of the potential for (1) HIV-1 transmission (in HIV-negative infants), (2) developing viral resistance (in HIV-positive infants), and (3) adverse reactions in a breastfed infant, instruct mothers not to breastfeed if they are receiving EPIVIR.

Pediatric Use

The safety and effectiveness of EPIVIR in combination with other antiretroviral agents have been established in pediatric patients aged 3 months and older. EPIVIR scored tablet is the preferred formulation for HIV-1-infected pediatric patients who weigh at least 14 kg and for whom a solid dosage form is appropriate because pediatric subjects who received EPIVIR oral solution had lower rates of virologic suppression, lower plasma lamivudine exposure, and developed viral resistance more frequently than those receiving EPIVIR tablets in the ARROW trial [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, ADVERSE REACTIONS, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Clinical Studies].

Geriatric Use

Clinical trials of EPIVIR did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. In general, caution should be exercised in the administration of EPIVIR in elderly patients reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Patients With Impaired Renal Function

Reduction of the dosage of EPIVIR is recommended for patients with impaired renal function [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Overdosage & Contraindications

OVERDOSE

There is no known specific treatment for overdose with EPIVIR. If overdose occurs, the patient should be monitored and standard supportive treatment applied as required. Because a negligible amount of lamivudine was removed via (4-hour) hemodialysis, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, and automated peritoneal dialysis, it is not known if continuous hemodialysis would provide clinical benefit in a lamivudine overdose event.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

EPIVIR is contraindicated in patients with a previous hypersensitivity reaction to lamivudine.

Clinical Pharmacology

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGYMechanism Of Action

Lamivudine is an antiretroviral agent [see Microbiology].

PharmacokineticsPharmacokinetics In Adults

The pharmacokinetic properties of lamivudine have been studied in asymptomatic, HIV-1-infected adult subjects after administration of single intravenous (IV) doses ranging from 0.25 to 8 mg per kg, as well as single and multiple (twice-daily regimen) oral doses ranging from 0.25 to 10 mg per kg.

The pharmacokinetic properties of lamivudine have also been studied as single and multiple oral doses ranging from 5 mg to 600 mg per day administered to HBV-infected subjects.

The steady-state pharmacokinetic properties of the EPIVIR 300-mg tablet once daily for 7 days compared with the EPIVIR 150-mg tablet twice daily for 7 days were assessed in a crossover trial in 60 healthy subjects. EPIVIR 300 mg once daily resulted in lamivudine exposures that were similar to EPIVIR 150 mg twice daily with respect to plasma AUC24,ss; however, Cmax,ss was 66% higher and the trough value was 53% lower compared with the 150-mg twice-daily regimen. Intracellular lamivudine triphosphate exposures in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were also similar with respect to AUC24,ss and Cmax24,ss; however, trough values were lower compared with the 150-mg twice-daily regimen. Inter-subject variability was greater for intracellular lamivudine triphosphate concentrations versus lamivudine plasma trough concentrations.

The pharmacokinetics of lamivudine was evaluated in 12 adult HIV-1-infected subjects dosed with lamivudine 150 mg twice daily in combination with other antiretroviral agents. The geometric mean (95% CI) for AUC(0-12) was 5.53 (4.58, 6.67) mcg.h per mL and for Cmax was 1.40 (1.17, 1.69) mcg per mL.

Absorption And Bioavailability

Absolute bioavailability in 12 adult subjects was 86% ± 16% (mean ± SD) for the 150-mg tablet and 87% ± 13% for the oral solution. After oral administration of 2 mg per kg twice a day to 9 adults with HIV-1, the peak serum lamivudine concentration (Cmax) was 1.5 ± 0.5 mcg per mL (mean ± SD). The area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) and Cmax increased in proportion to oral dose over the range from 0.25 to 10 mg per kg.

The accumulation ratio of lamivudine in HIV-1-positive asymptomatic adults with normal renal function was 1.50 following 15 days of oral administration of 2 mg per kg twice daily.

Effects Of Food On Oral Absorption

EPIVIR tablets and oral solution may be administered with or without food. An investigational 25-mg dosage form of lamivudine was administered orally to 12 asymptomatic, HIV-1-infected subjects on 2 occasions, once in the fasted state and once with food (1,099 kcal; 75 grams fat, 34 grams protein, 72 grams carbohydrate). Absorption of lamivudine was slower in the fed state (Tmax: 3.2 ± 1.3 hours) compared with the fasted state (Tmax: 0.9 ± 0.3 hours); Cmax in the fed state was 40% ± 23% (mean ± SD) lower than in the fasted state. There was no significant difference in systemic exposure (AUC∞) in the fed and fasted states.

Distribution

The apparent volume of distribution after IV administration of lamivudine to 20 subjects was 1.3 ± 0.4 L per kg, suggesting that lamivudine distributes into extravascular spaces. Volume of distribution was independent of dose and did not correlate with body weight.

Binding of lamivudine to human plasma proteins is less than 36%. In vitro studies showed that over the concentration range of 0.1 to 100 mcg per mL, the amount of lamivudine associated with erythrocytes ranged from 53% to 57% and was independent of concentration.

Metabolism

Metabolism of lamivudine is a minor route of elimination. In humans, the only known metabolite of lamivudine is the trans-sulfoxide metabolite (approximately 5% of an oral dose after 12 hours). Serum concentrations of this metabolite have not been determined. Lamivudine is not significantly metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes.

Elimination

The majority of lamivudine is eliminated unchanged in urine by active organic cationic secretion. In 9 healthy subjects given a single 300-mg oral dose of lamivudine, renal clearance was 199.7 ± 56.9 mL per min (mean ± SD). In 20 HIV-1-infected subjects given a single IV dose, renal clearance was 280.4 ± 75.2 mL per min (mean ± SD), representing 71% ± 16% (mean ± SD) of total clearance of lamivudine.

In most single-dose trials in HIV-1-infected subjects, HBV-infected subjects, or healthy subjects with serum sampling for 24 hours after dosing, the observed mean elimination half-life (t½) ranged from 5 to 7 hours. In HIV-1-infected subjects, total clearance was 398.5 ± 69.1 mL per min (mean ± SD). Oral clearance and elimination half-life were independent of dose and body weight over an oral dosing range of 0.25 to 10 mg per kg.

Specific PopulationsPatients With Renal Impairment

The pharmacokinetic properties of lamivudine have been determined in a small group of HIV-1-infected adults with impaired renal function (Table 7).

Table 7: Pharmacokinetic Parameters (Mean ± SD) after a Single 300-mg Oral Dose of Lamivudine in 3 Groups of Adults with Varying Degrees of Renal Function

Tmax was not significantly affected by renal function. Based on these observations, it is recommended that the dosage of lamivudine be modified in patients with renal impairment [seeDOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].

Based on a trial in otherwise healthy subjects with impaired renal function, hemodialysis increased lamivudine clearance from a mean of 64 to 88 mL per min; however, the length of time of hemodialysis (4 hours) was insufficient to significantly alter mean lamivudine exposure after a single-dose administration. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and automated peritonealdialysis have negligible effects on lamivudine clearance. Therefore, it is recommended, following correction of dose for creatinine clearance, that no additional dose modification be made after routine hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis.

The effects of renal impairment on lamivudine pharmacokinetics in pediatric patients are not known.

Patients With Hepatic Impairment

The pharmacokinetic properties of lamivudine have been determined in adults with impaired hepatic function. Pharmacokinetic parameters were not altered by diminishing hepatic function. Safety and efficacy of lamivudine have not been established in the presence of decompensated liver disease.

Pregnant Women

Lamivudine pharmacokinetics were studied in 36 pregnant women during 2 clinical trials conducted in South Africa. Lamivudine pharmacokinetics in pregnant women were similar to those seen in non-pregnant adults and in postpartum women. Lamivudine concentrations were generally similar in maternal, neonatal, and umbilical cord serum samples.

Pediatric Patients

The pharmacokinetics of lamivudine have been studied after either single or repeat doses of EPIVIR in 210 pediatric subjects. Pediatric subjects receiving lamivudine oral solution (dosed at approximately 8 mg per kg per day) achieved approximately 25% lower plasma concentrations of lamivudine compared with HIV-1-infected adults. Pediatric subjects receiving lamivudine oral tablets achieved plasma concentrations comparable to or slightly higher than those observed in adults. The absolute bioavailability of both EPIVIR tablets and oral solution are lower in children than adults. The relative bioavailability of EPIVIR oral solution is approximately 40% lower than tablets containing lamivudine in pediatric subjects despite no difference in adults. Lower lamivudine exposures in pediatric patients receiving EPIVIR oral solution is likely due to the interaction between lamivudine and concomitant solutions containing sorbitol (such as ZIAGEN). Modeling of pharmacokinetic data suggests increasing the dosage of EPIVIR oral solution to 5 mg per kg taken orally twice daily or 10 mg per kg taken orally once daily (up to a maximum of 300 mg daily) is needed to achieve sufficient concentrations of lamivudine [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION]. There are no clinical data in HIV-1 infected pediatric patients coadministered with sorbitol-containing medicines at this dose.

The pharmacokinetics of lamivudine dosed once daily in HIV-1-infected pediatric subjects aged 3 months through 12 years was evaluated in 3 trials (PENTA-15 [n = 17], PENTA 13 [n = 19], and ARROW PK [n = 35]). All 3 trials were 2-period, crossover, open-label pharmacokinetic trials of twice-versus once-daily dosing of abacavir and lamivudine. These 3 trials demonstrated that once-daily dosing provides similar AUC0-24 to twice-daily dosing of lamivudine at the same total daily dose when comparing the dosing regimens within the same formulation (i.e., either the oral solution or the tablet formulation). The mean Cmax was approximately 80% to 90% higher with lamivudine once-daily dosing compared with twice-daily dosing.

Table 8: Pharmacokinetic Parameters (Geometric Mean [95% CI]) after Repeat Dosing of Lamivudine in 3 Pediatric Trials

Distribution of lamivudine into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was assessed in 38 pediatric subjects after multiple oral dosing with lamivudine. CSF samples were collected between 2 and 4 hours postdose. At the dose of 8 mg per kg per day, CSF lamivudine concentrations in 8 subjects ranged from 5.6% to 30.9% (mean ± SD of 14.2% ± 7.9%) of the concentration in a simultaneous serum sample, with CSF lamivudine concentrations ranging from 0.04 to 0.3 mcg per mL.

Limited, uncontrolled pharmacokinetic and safety data are available from administration of lamivudine (and zidovudine) to 36 infants aged up to 1 week in 2 trials in South Africa. In these trials, lamivudine clearance was substantially reduced in 1-week-old neonates relative to pediatric subjects (aged over 3 months) studied previously. There is insufficient information to establish the time course of changes in clearance between the immediate neonatal period and the age-ranges over 3 months old [see ADVERSE REACTIONS].

Geriatric Patients

The pharmacokinetics of lamivudine after administration of EPIVIR to subjects over 65 years have not been studied [see Use In Specific Populations].

Male And Female Patients

There are no significant or clinically relevant gender differences in lamivudine pharmacokinetics.

Racial Groups

There are no significant or clinically relevant racial differences in lamivudine pharmacokinetics.

Drug Interaction StudiesEffect Of Lamivudine On The Pharmacokinetics Of Other Agents

Based on in vitro study results, lamivudine at therapeutic drug exposures is not expected to affect the pharmacokinetics of drugs that are substrates of the following transporters: organic aniontransporter polypeptide 1B1/3 (OATP1B1/3), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), P-glycoprotein(P-gp), multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 (MATE)1, MATE2-K, organic cation transporter 1 (OCT)1, OCT2, or OCT3.

Effect Of Other Agents On The Pharmacokinetics Of Lamivudine

Lamivudine is a substrate of MATE1, MATE2-K, and OCT2 in vitro. Trimethoprim (an inhibitor of these drug transporters) has been shown to increase lamivudine plasma concentrations. This interaction is not considered clinically significant as no dose adjustment of lamivudine is needed.

Lamivudine is a substrate of P-gp and BCRP; however, considering its absolute bioavailability (87%), it is unlikely that these transporters play a significant role in the absorption of lamivudine. Therefore, coadministration of drugs that are inhibitors of these efflux transporters is unlikely to affect the disposition and elimination of lamivudine.

Interferon Alfa

There was no significant pharmacokinetic interaction between lamivudine and interferon alfa in a trial of 19 healthy male subjects [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Ribavirin

In vitro data indicate ribavirin reduces phosphorylation of lamivudine, stavudine, and zidovudine. However, no pharmacokinetic (e.g., plasma concentrations or intracellular triphosphorylated active metabolite concentrations) or pharmacodynamic (e.g., loss of HIV-1/HCV virologic suppression) interaction was observed when ribavirin and lamivudine (n = 18), stavudine (n = 10), or zidovudine (n = 6) were coadministered as part of a multi-drug regimen to HIV-1/HCV co-infected subjects [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Sorbitol (Excipient)

Lamivudine and sorbitol solutions were coadministered to 16 healthy adult subjects in an open-label, randomized-sequence, 4-period, crossover trial. Each subject received a single 300-mg dose of lamivudine oral solution alone or coadministered with a single dose of 3.2 grams, 10.2 grams, or 13.4 grams of sorbitol in solution. Coadministration of lamivudine with sorbitol resulted in dose-dependent decreases of 20%, 39%, and 44% in the AUC(0-24), 14%, 32%, and 36% in the AUC(∞), and 28%, 52%, and 55% in the Cmax; of lamivudine, respectively.

Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole

Lamivudine and TMP/SMX were coadministered to 14 HIV-1-positive subjects in a single-center, open-label, randomized, crossover trial. Each subject received treatment with a single 300-mg dose of lamivudine and TMP 160 mg/SMX 800 mg once a day for 5 days with concomitant administration of lamivudine 300 mg with the fifth dose in a crossover design. Coadministration of TMP/SMX with lamivudine resulted in an increase of 43% ± 23% (mean ± SD) in lamivudine AUC∞, a decrease of 29% ± 13% in lamivudine oral clearance, and a decrease of 30% ± 36% in lamivudine renal clearance. The pharmacokinetic properties of TMP and SMX were not altered by coadministration with lamivudine. There is no information regarding the effect on lamivudine pharmacokinetics of higher doses of TMP/SMX such as those used in treat PCP.

Zidovudine

No clinically significant alterations in lamivudine or zidovudine pharmacokinetics were observed in 12 asymptomatic HIV-1-infected adult subjects given a single dose of zidovudine (200 mg) in combination with multiple doses of lamivudine (300 mg every 12 hours).

MicrobiologyMechanism Of Action

Lamivudine is a synthetic nucleoside analogue. Intracellularly, lamivudine is phosphorylated to its active 5'-triphosphate metabolite, lamivudine triphosphate (3TC-TP). The principal mode of action of 3TC-TP is inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) via DNA chain termination after incorporation of the nucleotide analogue.

Antiviral Activity

The antiviral activity of lamivudine against HIV-1 was assessed in a number of cell lines including monocytes and fresh human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBMCs) using standard susceptibility assays. EC50 values were in the range of 0.003 to 15 microM (1 microM = 0.23 mcg per mL). The median EC50 values of lamivudine were 60 nM (range: 20 to 70 nM), 35 nM (range: 30 to 40 nM), 30 nM (range: 20 to 90 nM), 20 nM (range: 3 to 40 nM), 30 nM (range: 1 to 60 nM), 30 nM (range: 20 to 70 nM), 30 nM (range: 3 to 70 nM), and 30 nM (range: 20 to 90 nM) against HIV-1 clades A-G and group O viruses (n = 3 except n = 2 for clade B) respectively. The EC50 values against HIV-2 isolates (n = 4) ranged from 0.003 to 0.120 microM in PBMCs. Lamivudine was not antagonistic to all tested anti-HIV agents. Ribavirin (50 microM) used in the treatment of chronic HCV infection decreased the anti-HIV-1 activity of lamivudine by 3.5-fold in MT-4 cells.

Resistance

Lamivudine-resistant variants of HIV-1 have been selected in cell culture. Genotypic analysis showed that the resistance was due to a specific amino acid substitution in the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase at codon 184 changing the methionine to either valine or isoleucine (M184V/I).

HIV-1 strains resistant to both lamivudine and zidovudine have been isolated from subjects. Susceptibility of clinical isolates to lamivudine and zidovudine was monitored in controlled clinical trials. In subjects receiving lamivudine monotherapy or combination therapy with lamivudine plus zidovudine, HIV-1 isolates from most subjects became phenotypically and genotypically resistant to lamivudine within 12 weeks.

Genotypic And Phenotypic Analysis Of On-Therapy HIV-1 Isolates From Subjects With Virologic Failure

Trial EPV20001

Fifty-three of 554 (10%) subjects enrolled in EPV20001 were identified as virological failures (plasma HIV-1 RNA level greater than or equal to 400 copies per mL) by Week 48. Twenty-eight subjects were randomized to the lamivudine once-daily treatment group and 25 to the lamivudine twice-daily treatment group. The median baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA levels of subjects in the lamivudine once-daily group and lamivudine twice-daily group were 4.9 log10 copies per mL and 4.6 log10 copies per mL, respectively.

Genotypic analysis of on-therapy isolates from 22 subjects identified as virologic failures in the lamivudine once-daily group showed that isolates from 8 of 22 subjects contained a treatment-emergent lamivudine resistance-associated substitution (M184V or M184I), isolates from 0 of 22 subjects contained treatment-emergent amino acid substitutions associated with zidovudine resistance (M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y/F, or K219Q/E), and isolates from 10 of 22 subjects contained treatment-emergent amino acid substitutions associated with efavirenz resistance (L100I, K101E, K103N, V108I, or Y181C).

Genotypic analysis of on-therapy isolates from subjects (n = 22) in the lamivudine twice-daily treatment group showed that isolates from 5 of 22 subjects contained treatment-emergent lamivudine resistance substitutions, isolates from 1 of 22 subjects contained treatment-emergent zidovudine resistance substitutions, and isolates from 7 of 22 subjects contained treatment-emergent efavirenz resistance substitutions.

Phenotypic analysis of baseline-matched on-therapy HIV-1 isolates from subjects (n = 13) receiving lamivudine once daily showed that isolates from 7 of 13 subjects showed an 85-to 299-fold decrease in susceptibility to lamivudine, isolates from 12 of 13 subjects were susceptible to zidovudine, and isolates from 8 of 13 subjects exhibited a 25-to 295-fold decrease in susceptibility to efavirenz.

Phenotypic analysis of baseline-matched on-therapy HIV-1 isolates from subjects (n = 13) receiving lamivudine twice daily showed that isolates from 4 of 13 subjects exhibited a 29-to 159-fold decrease in susceptibility to lamivudine, isolates from all 13 subjects were susceptible to zidovudine, and isolates from 3 of 13 subjects exhibited a 21-to 342-fold decrease in susceptibility to efavirenz.

Trial EPV40001

Fifty subjects received lamivudine 300 mg once daily plus zidovudine 300 mg twice daily plus abacavir 300 mg twice daily and 50 subjects received lamivudine 150 mg plus zidovudine 300 mg plus abacavir 300 mg all twice-daily. The median baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA levels for subjects in the 2 groups were 4.79 log10 copies per mL and 4.83 log10 copies per mL, respectively. Fourteen of 50 subjects in the lamivudine once-daily treatment group and 9 of 50 subjects in the lamivudine twice-daily group were identified as virologic failures.

Genotypic analysis of on-therapy HIV-1 isolates from subjects (n = 9) in the lamivudine once-daily treatment group showed that isolates from 6 subjects had an abacavir and/or lamivudine resistance-associated substitution M184V alone. On-therapy isolates from subjects (n = 6) receiving lamivudine twice daily showed that isolates from 2 subjects had M184V alone, and isolates from 2 subjects harbored the M184V substitution in combination with zidovudine resistance-associated amino acid substitutions.

Phenotypic analysis of on-therapy isolates from subjects (n = 6) receiving lamivudine once daily showed that HIV-1 isolates from 4 subjects exhibited a 32-to 53-fold decrease in susceptibility to lamivudine. HIV-1 isolates from these 6 subjects were susceptible to zidovudine.

Phenotypic analysis of on-therapy isolates from subjects (n = 4) receiving lamivudine twice daily showed that HIV-1 isolates from 1 subject exhibited a 45-fold decrease in susceptibility to lamivudine and a 4.5-fold decrease in susceptibility to zidovudine.

Pediatrics

Pediatric subjects receiving lamivudine oral solution concomitantly with other antiretroviral oral solutions (abacavir, nevirapine/efavirenz, or zidovudine) in ARROW developed viral resistance more frequently than those receiving tablets. At randomization to once-daily or twice-daily dosing of EPIVIR plus abacavir, 13% of subjects who started on tablets and 32% of subjects who started on solution had resistance substitutions. The resistance profile observed in pediatrics is similar to that observed in adults in terms of the genotypic substitutions detected and relative frequency, with the most commonly detected substitutions at M184 (V or I) [see Clinical Studies].

Cross-Resistance

Cross-resistance has been observed among nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). Lamivudine-resistant HIV-1 mutants were cross-resistant in cell culture to didanosine (ddI). Cross-resistance is also expected with abacavir and emtricitabine as these select M184V substitutions.

Clinical Studies

The use of EPIVIR is based on the results of clinical trials in HIV-1-infected subjects in combination regimens with other antiretroviral agents. Information from trials with clinical endpoints or a combination of CD4+ cell counts and HIV-1 RNA measurements is included below as documentation of the contribution of lamivudine to a combination regimen in controlled trials.

Adult SubjectsClinical Endpoint Trial

NUCB3007 (CAESAR) was a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial comparing continued current therapy (zidovudine alone [62% of subjects] or zidovudine with didanosine or zalcitabine [38% of subjects]) to the addition of EPIVIR or EPIVIR plus an investigational non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), randomized 1:2:1. A total of 1,816 HIV-1-infected adults with 25 to 250 CD4+ cells per mm³ (median = 122 cells per mm³) at baseline were enrolled: median age was 36 years, 87% were male, 84% were nucleoside-experienced, and 16% were therapy-naive. The median duration on trial was 12 months. Results are summarized in Table 9.

Table 9: Number of Subjects (%) with at Least One HIV-1 Disease Progression Event or Death

Surrogate Endpoint Trials

Dual Nucleoside Analogue Trials

Principal clinical trials in the initial development of lamivudine compared lamivudine/zidovudine combinations with zidovudine monotherapy or with zidovudine plus zalcitabine. These trials demonstrated the antiviral effect of lamivudine in a 2-drug combination. More recent uses of lamivudine in treatment of HIV-1 infection incorporate it into multiple-drug regimens containing at least 3 antiretroviral drugs for enhanced viral suppression.

Dose Regimen Comparison Surrogate Endpoint Trials In Therapy-Naive Adults

EPV20001 was a multicenter, double-blind, controlled trial in which subjects were randomized 1:1 to receive EPIVIR 300 mg once daily or EPIVIR 150 mg twice daily, in combination with zidovudine 300 mg twice daily and efavirenz 600 mg once daily. A total of 554 antiretroviral treatment-naive HIV-1-infected adults enrolled: male (79%), white (50%), median age of 35 years, baseline CD4+ cell counts of 69 to 1,089 cells per mm³ (median = 362 cells per mm³), and median baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA of 4.66 log10 copies per mL. Outcomes of treatment through 48 weeks are summarized in Figure 1 and Table 10.

Figure 1: Virologic Response through Week 48, EPV20001a,b (Intent-to-Treat)

a Roche AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR. 
b Responders at each visit are subjects who had achieved and maintained HIV-1 RNA less than 400 copies per mL without discontinuation by that visit.

Table 10: Outcomes of Randomized Treatment through 48 Weeks (Intent-to-Treat)

The proportions of subjects with HIV-1 RNA less than 50 copies per mL (via Roche Ultrasensitive assay) through Week 48 were 61% for subjects receiving EPIVIR 300 mg once daily and 63% for subjects receiving EPIVIR 150 mg twice daily. Median increases in CD4+ cell counts were 144 cells per mm³ at Week 48 in subjects receiving EPIVIR 300 mg once daily and 146 cells per mm³ for subjects receiving EPIVIR 150 mg twice daily.

A small, randomized, open-label pilot trial, EPV40001, was conducted in Thailand. A total of 159 treatment-naive adult subjects (male 32%, Asian 100%, median age 30 years, baseline median CD4+ cell count 380 cells per mm³, median plasma HIV-1 RNA 4.8 log10 copies per mL) were enrolled. Two of the treatment arms in this trial provided a comparison between lamivudine 300 mg once daily (n = 54) and lamivudine 150 mg twice daily (n = 52), each in combination with zidovudine 300 mg twice daily and abacavir 300 mg twice daily. In intent-to-treat analyses of 48-week data, the proportions of subjects with HIV-1 RNA below 400 copies per mL were 61% (33 of 54) in the group randomized to once-daily lamivudine and 75% (39 of 52) in the group randomized to receive all 3 drugs twice daily; the proportions with HIV-1 RNA below 50 copies per mL were 54% (29 of 54) in the once-daily lamivudine group and 67% (35 of 52) in the all-twice-daily group; and the median increases in CD4+ cell counts were 166 cells per mm³ in the once-daily lamivudine group and 216 cells per mm³ in the all-twice-daily group.

Pediatric SubjectsClinical Endpoint Trial

ACTG300 was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial that provided for comparison of EPIVIR plus RETROVIR (zidovudine) with didanosine monotherapy. A total of 471 symptomatic, HIV-1-infected therapy-naive (less than or equal to 56 days of antiretroviral therapy) pediatric subjects were enrolled in these 2 treatment arms. The median age was 2.7 years (range: 6 weeks to 14 years), 58% were female, and 86% were non-white. The mean baseline CD4+ cell count was 868 cells per mm³ (mean: 1,060 cells per mm³ and range: 0 to 4,650 cells per mm³ for subjects aged less than or equal to 5 years; mean: 419 cells per mm³ and range: 0 to 1,555 cells per mm³ for subjects aged over 5 years) and the mean baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA was 5.0 log10 copies per mL. The median duration on trial was 10.1 months for the subjects receiving EPIVIR plus RETROVIR and 9.2 months for subjects receiving didanosine monotherapy. Results are summarized in Table 11.

Table 11: Number of Subjects (%) Reaching a Primary Clinical Endpoint (Disease Progression or Death)

Once-Daily Dosing

ARROW (COL105677) was a 5-year randomized, multicenter trial which evaluated multiple aspects of clinical management of HIV-1 infection in pediatric subjects. HIV-1-infected, treatment-naïve subjects aged 3 months to 17 years were enrolled and treated with a first-line regimen containing EPIVIR and abacavir, dosed twice daily according to World Health Organization recommendations. After a minimum of 36 weeks on treatment, subjects were given the option to participate in Randomization 3 of the ARROW trial, comparing the safety and efficacy of once-daily dosing with twice-daily dosing of EPIVIR and abacavir, in combination with a third antiretroviral drug, for an additional 96 weeks. Of the 1,206 original ARROW subjects, 669 participated in Randomization 3. Virologic suppression was not a requirement for participation: at baseline for Randomization 3 (following a minimum of 36 weeks of twice-daily treatment), 75% of subjects in the twice-daily cohort were virologically suppressed, compared with 71% of subjects in the once-daily cohort.

The proportion of subjects with HIV-1 RNA of less than 80 copies per mL through 96 weeks is shown in Table 12. The differences between virologic responses in the two treatment arms were comparable across baseline characteristics for gender and age.

Table 12: Virologic Outcome of Randomized Treatment at Week 96a (ARROW Randomization 3)

Analyses by formulation demonstrated the proportion of subjects with HIV-1 RNA of less than 80 copies per mL at randomization and Week 96 was higher in subjects who had received tablet formulations of EPIVIR and abacavir (75% [458/610] and 72% [434/601]) than in those who had received solution formulation(s) (with EPIVIR solution given at weight band-based doses approximating 8 mg per kg per day) at any time (52% [29/56] and 54% [30/56]), respectively [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. These differences were observed in each different age group evaluated.

Medication Guide

PATIENT INFORMATION

EPIVIR 
(EP-i-veer)
(lamivudine) tablets

EPIVIR 
(EP-i-veer)
(lamivudine) oral solution

What is the most important information I should know about EPIVIR?

EPIVIR can cause serious side effects, including:

· Worsening of hepatitis B virus in people who have HIV-1 infection. If you have HIV-1 (Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, your HBV may get worse (flareup) if you stop taking EPIVIR. A “flare-up” is when your HBV infection suddenly returns in a worse way than before. Worsening liver disease can be serious and may lead to death.

o Do not run out of EPIVIR. Refill your prescription or talk to your healthcare provider before your EPIVIR is all gone.

o Do not stop EPIVIR without first talking to your healthcare provider.

o If you stop taking EPIVIR, your healthcare provider will need to check your health often and do blood tests regularly for several months to check your liver.

· Resistant Hepatitis B Virus (HBV). If you have HIV-1 and hepatitis B, the hepatitis B virus can change (mutate) during your treatment with EPIVIR and become harder to treat (resistant).

· Use with interferon and ribavirin-based regimens. Worsening of liver disease that has caused death has happened in people infected with both HIV-1 and hepatitis C virus who are taking antiretroviral medicines and are also being treated for hepatitis C with interferon with or without ribavirin. If you are taking EPIVIR and interferon with or without ribavirin, tell your healthcare provider if you have any new symptoms.

What is EPIVIR?

EPIVIR is a prescription medicine used together with other antiretroviral medicines to treat Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) infection.

HIV-1 is the virus that causes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).

EPIVIR tablets and oral solution (used to treat HIV-1 infection) contain a higher dose of the same active ingredient (lamivudine) than is in the medicine EPIVIR-HBV tablets and oral solution (used to treat HBV). If you have both HIV-1 and HBV, you should not use EPIVIR-HBV to treat your infections.

The safety and effectiveness of EPIVIR have not been established in children under 3 months of age.

Who should not take EPIVIR?

Do not take EPIVIR if you are allergic to lamivudine or any of the ingredients in EPIVIR. See the end of this Patient Information leaflet for a complete list of ingredients in EPIVIR.

What should I tell my healthcare provider before taking EPIVIR?

Before you take EPIVIR, tell your healthcare provider if you:

· have or have had liver problems, including hepatitis B or C virus infection.

· have kidney problems.

· have diabetes. Each 15-mL dose (150 mg) of EPIVIR oral solution contains 3 grams of sucrose.

· are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. Taking EPIVIR during pregnancy has not been associated with an increased risk of birth defects. Talk to your healthcare provider if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant.
Pregnancy Registry. There is a pregnancy registry for women who take antiretroviral medicines during pregnancy. The purpose of this registry is to collect information about the health of you and your baby. Talk to your healthcare provider about how you can take part in this registry.

· are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. Do not breastfeed if you take EPIVIR.

o You should not breastfeed if you have HIV-1 because of the risk of passing HIV-1 to your baby.

Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over-thecounter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements.

Some medications interact with EPIVIR. Keep a list of your medicines and show it to your healthcare provider and pharmacist when you get a new medicine. You can ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist for a list of medicines that interact with EPIVIR.

Do not start taking a new medicine without telling your healthcare provider. Your healthcare provider can tell you if it is safe to take EPIVIR with other medicines.

How should I take EPIVIR?

· Take EPIVIR exactly as your healthcare provider tells you to take it.

· If you miss a dose of EPIVIR, take it as soon as you remember. Do not take 2 doses at the same time or take more than what your healthcare provider tells you to take.

· Stay under the care of a healthcare provider during treatment with EPIVIR.

· EPIVIR may be taken with or without food.

· For children 3 months and older, your healthcare provider will prescribe a dose of EPIVIR based on your child's body weight.

· Tell your healthcare provider if you or your child has trouble swallowing tablets. EPIVIR also comes as a liquid (oral solution).

· Do not run out of EPIVIR. The virus in your blood may increase and the virus may become harder to treat. When your supply starts to run low, get more from your healthcare provider or pharmacy.

· If you take too much EPIVIR, call your healthcare provider or go to the nearest hospital emergency room right away.

What are the possible side effects of EPIVIR?

· EPIVIR can cause serious side effects including:

· See “What is the most important information I should know about EPIVIR?”

· Build-up of an acid in your blood (lactic acidosis). Lactic acidosis can happen in some people who take EPIVIR. Lactic acidosis is a serious medical emergency that can cause death. Call your healthcare provider right away if you get any of the following symptoms that could be signs of lactic acidosis:

o feel very weak or tired

o feel cold, especially in your arms and legs

o unusual (not normal) muscle pain

o feel dizzy or light-headed

o trouble breathing

o have a fast or irregular heartbeat

o stomach pain with nausea and vomiting

· Serious liver problems can happen in people who take EPIVIR. In some cases these serious liver problems can lead to death. Your liver may become large (hepatomegaly) and you may develop fat in your liver (steatosis). Call your healthcare provider right away if you get any of the following signs or symptoms of liver problems:

o your skin or the white part of your eyes turns yellow (jaundice)

o loss of appetite for several days or longer

o nausea

o dark or “tea-colored” urine

o pain, aching, or tenderness on the right side of your stomach area

o light-colored stools (bowel movements)

You may be more likely to get lactic acidosis or serious liver problems if you are female or very overweight (obese).

· Risk of inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis). Children may be at risk for developing pancreatitis during treatment with EPIVIR if they:

o have taken nucleoside analogue medicines

o have a history of pancreatitis in the past

o have other risk factors for pancreatitis

Call your healthcare provider right away if your child develops signs and symptoms of pancreatitis including severe upper stomach-area pain, with or without nausea and vomiting.Your healthcare provider may tell you to stop giving EPIVIR to your child if their symptoms and blood test results show that your child may have pancreatitis.

· Changes in your immune system (Immune Reconstitution Syndrome) can happen when you start taking HIV-1 medicines. Your immune system may get stronger and begin to fight infections that have been hidden in your body for a long time. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you start having new symptoms after you start taking EPIVIR.

The most common side effects of EPIVIR in adults include:

· headache

· nasal signs and symptoms

· nausea

· diarrhea

· generally not feeling well

· tiredness

· cough

The most common side effects of EPIVIR in children include fever and cough.

Tell your healthcare provider if you have any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away.

These are not all the possible side effects of EPIVIR. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

How should I store EPIVIR?

· Store EPIVIR tablets and oral solution at room temperature between 68°F to 77°F (20°C to 25°C).

· Keep bottles of EPIVIR oral solution tightly closed.

Keep EPIVIR and all medicines out of the reach of children.

General information about the safe and effective use of EPIVIR.

Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Patient Information leaflet. Do not use EPIVIR for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give EPIVIR to other people, even if they have the same symptoms that you have. It may harm them.

You can ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist for information about EPIVIR that is written for health professionals.

For more information, go to www.viivhealthcare.com or call 1-877-844-8872.

What are the ingredients in EPIVIR?

Active ingredient: lamivudine

Inactive ingredients:

EPIVIR scored 150-mg film-coated tablets: hypromellose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polysorbate 80, sodium starch glycolate, and titanium dioxide.

EPIVIR 300-mg film-coated tablets: black iron oxide, hypromellose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polysorbate 80, sodium starch glycolate, and titanium dioxide.

EPIVIR oral solution: artificial strawberry and banana flavors, citric acid (anhydrous), methylparaben, propylene glycol, propylparaben, sodium citrate (dihydrate), and sucrose (200 mg per mL).