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注射用达托霉素(克必信)【成份】达托霉素；辅料：氢氧化钠，用于调节pH值。【性状】克必信为浅黄色至淡褐色冻干之块状物。【适应症/功能主治】金黄色葡萄球菌（包括甲氧西林敏感和甲氧西林耐药）导致的伴发右侧感染性心内膜炎的血流感染（菌血症）。如果确定或怀疑的病原体包括革兰阴性菌或厌氧菌，则临床上可采用联合抗菌治疗。其他详见说明书。【用法用量】金黄色葡萄球菌(包括甲氧西林敏感和甲氧西林耐药) 导致的伴发右侧感染性心内膜炎的血流感染（菌血症）：将6mg/kg本药溶解在0.9%氯化钠注射液中，以30分钟的时程滴注，每24小时1次，至少2-6周。疗程应根据主管医生的实际诊断而定。使用本药超过28天的安全数据很有限。在3期研究中，共有14名患者接受了超过28天的克必信治疗，其中8人治疗超过了6周。 在1期及2期临床研究中，当本药给药次数大于每天1次时，时常出现CPK升高。因此，本药的给药次数不得超过每天1次。 肾功能受损患者：由于达托霉素主要通过肾脏消除，建议对肌酐清除率<30mL/min的患者，包括接受血液透析或连续不卧床腹膜透析（CAPD）的患者进行剂量调整如下。推荐的剂量方案为CLCR≥30mL/min的患者每24小时给予6mg/kg；对CLCR<30mL/min的患者，包括接受血液透析或CAPD的患者，每48小时给予6mg/kg。对肾功能不全的患者，应增加对肾功能和CPK进行监测的频率。如有可能，在血液透析日完成血液透析后，再给予本药。 成年患者的注射用达托霉素推荐剂量： ①肌酐清除率（CLCR）≥30mL/min的患者：每24小时6mg/kg； ②肌酐清除率（CLCR）<30mL/min，包括血液透析或CAPD的患者：每48小时6mg/kg。 药物的配制：本药装在一次性使用的小瓶内，每瓶含0.5g达托霉素无菌冻干粉。0.5g克必信的内容物必须采用无菌操作技术按以下步骤进行溶解： 注意：为了避免产生泡沫，在溶解时、后避免剧烈搅动或晃动瓶子。 去掉瓶上的聚丙烯瓶盖，暴露胶塞的中间部分。通过胶塞中部缓缓将10mL0.9%氯化钠注射液注入克必信瓶中，请注意将注射器针头靠在瓶壁上。轻轻转动瓶子，确保药品全部浸入。将克必信静置10分钟。轻轻转动或晃动瓶子数分钟，直到溶液完全溶解。溶解后的克必信再用0.9%氯化钠注射液进一步稀释用于30分钟的静脉滴注给药。 由于在产品中未含防腐剂或抑菌剂，配制静脉给药终溶液时必须采用无菌操作技术。稳定性研究显示，溶解的溶液以小瓶保存时，室温下12小时内稳定，而在2-8°C（36-46°F）冰箱中保存时，48小时内稳定。稀释后的溶液以输液袋保存时，室温下12小时内稳定，如果在冰箱中保存时，48小时内稳定。在室温下，（在小瓶中及输液袋中）总保存时间不超过12小时；在冰箱中总保存时间（在小瓶中及输液袋中）不超过48小时。 小瓶装克必信仅供一次性使用。注射剂在给药前需目测检查有无颗粒状物质。 注射用达托霉素与其他静脉给药药物的相容性数据有限，所以不得在克必信单次使用小瓶中加入添加剂或其他药物或通过同一输液管进行给药。如果采用同一输液管连续输注几种不同的药物，应在输注克必信前后以合适的溶液冲洗输液管。 可联合使用的静脉给药溶液：注射用达托霉素可与0.9%氯化钠注射液或乳酸盐化林格注射液联合使用。本药不得与含右旋糖的稀释液联合使用。【不良反应】主要为感染和侵染、胃肠道症状、全身疾病及注射部位情况、呼吸器官、胸部及纵隔疾病、皮肤和皮下组织症状、肌肉骨骼及结缔组织症状、精神及神经系统症状、实验室检查、血液及淋巴系统疾病、代谢及营养紊乱、血管疾病、肾及泌尿疾病。其它详见说明书。【禁忌】已知对克必信和辅料有过敏反应的患者禁用。【药理毒理】微生物学：克必信为一类新型的环脂肽类抗生素。克必信是一种天然产物，在临床上用于治疗因需氧革兰阳性菌引起的感染。克必信的体外抗菌谱包括大多数与临床有关的革兰阳性病原菌。克必信对耐抗生素的革兰阳性菌，包括对甲氧西林、万古霉素和利奈唑胺耐药菌仍有效。 克必信在体外对革兰阳性菌显示出快速、浓度依赖性的杀菌活性。采用肉汤稀释法得出的时间-杀菌曲线和MBC/MIC比(最小杀菌浓度/最小抑菌浓度)已经证明了克必信的上述活性。在模拟的心内膜赘生物中，克必信对静止期金黄色葡萄球菌仍保持其体外杀菌活性。尚不知该结果的临床意义。 作用机制：克必信的作用机制不同于任何其他的抗生素。克必信与细菌细胞膜结合，并引起细胞膜电位的快速去极化。细胞膜电位的这种降低抑制了蛋白质、DNA和RNA的合成，最终导致细菌细胞死亡。 耐药机制：此时，尚不清楚对克必信耐药的机制。目前，尚无已知的可转移成分能够转移对克必信的耐药性。 交叉耐药：尚未观察到克必信与任何其它类抗生素间的交叉耐药。 与其它抗生素的相互作用：已经对克必信与其它抗生素间的相互作用进行了体外研究。杀菌曲线研究尚未观察到有拮抗作用。体外研究显示，克必信与氨基糖苷类、β-内酰胺类抗生素和利福平对某些葡萄球菌菌株（包括某些甲氧西林耐药菌株）和肠球菌（包括某些万古霉素耐药菌株）的抗菌活性具有协同作用。【药物相互作用】在人体对克必信和其它药物(可能与克必信联合用药或产生重叠毒性)进行了药物相互作用研究。克必信对氨曲南、华法林和丙磺舒的生物利用度无影响。 氨曲南：在1项研究中，15名健康成人受试者接受单次静脉给予克必信6mg/kg、单次静脉给予氨曲南1g以及两药联用。结果表明，氨曲南没有引起克必信Cmax和AUC0-∞的明显改变，而克必信也未引起氨曲南Cmax和AUC0-∞的明显改变。因而，当联合用药时，这两种抗生素均无需调整剂量。 妥布霉素：在一项研究中，6名健康成人男性接受单次静脉给予2mg/kg克必信、单次静脉给予1mg/kg妥布霉素以及两药联用。结果表明，当给予妥布霉素时，克必信的平均Cmax和AUC0-∞分别增加了12.7%和8.7%；而当给予克必信时，妥布霉素的平均Cmax和AUC0-∞分别降低了10.7%和6.6%。这些差异无统计学意义。在克必信的临床剂量下，克必信和妥布霉素间的相互作用尚不清楚。当克必信与妥布霉素联合使用时，需谨慎。 华法林：在16名健康受试者中，连续给予克必信(6mg/kgq24h)5天后单次经口给予华法林(25mg)。结果发现，该伴随用药对两药的药代动力学均无明显影响，并且未引起INR的明显改变(国际标准化比率)(见注意事项，药物相互作用)。 辛伐他汀：对每日使用稳定剂量40mg辛伐他汀的20名健康受试者，连续14天静脉给予克必信4mg/kgq24h(N=10)。上述联合用药组与每日使用1次安慰剂的受试者相比(N=10)，并未见更高的不良事件发生率(见注意事项，药物相互作用)。 丙磺舒：丙磺舒(每日4次共500mg)与单次静脉给予克必信4mg/kg伴随用药未引起克必信Cmax和AUC0-∞的明显改变。因此，当克必信与丙磺舒联合用药时，无需调整剂量。【药代动力学】分布：克必信可与人血浆蛋白（主要是血清白蛋白）可逆性结合，并且与血药浓度不相关。总平均蛋白结合率范围为90-93%。在健康成人受试者中，克必信的稳态分布容积(Vss)约为0.10L/kg，并且与用药剂量不相关。 代谢：人肝细胞的体外研究结果显示，克必信对下列人细胞色素P450同功酶的活性无抑制或诱导作用：1A2、2A6、2C9、2C19、2D6、2E1和3A4。在体外研究中，克必信并不被人肝脏微粒体所代谢。因此，克必信不太可能抑制或诱导P450系统的药物代谢。 排泄：克必信主要经肾脏排泄。在质量平衡研究中，给予5名健康受试者放射标记的克必信。根据总放射性，从尿液中回收了大约78%的给药剂量(根据微生物活性浓度，大约回收52%的给药剂量)；而根据总放射性从粪便中回收了5.7%的给药剂量(收集达9天)。 由于肾脏排泄是药物的主要消除途径，因此有必要对严重肾功能不全(CLCR<30mL/min)的患者调整剂量(见用量与用法)。【注意事项】在未确认或强烈怀疑为细菌感染的情况下，使用本药不能为患者带来益处，反而会增加耐药菌发展的危险。抗菌制剂会改变结肠的正常菌群，导致艰难梭状芽孢杆菌过度生长。只有在非常必要的情况下才可在妊娠期间使用。哺乳期妇女慎用。18岁以下患者不宜使用。【孕妇及哺乳期妇女用药】妊娠期用药：致畸作用-妊娠期药品安全分级B。只有在非常必要的情况下才可在妊娠期间使用克必信。 哺乳期妇女用药：尚不知克必信是否能够分泌至人乳中。因此哺乳期妇女应慎用克必信。【儿童用药】尚未在18岁以下的患者中建立克必信的安全性和有效性。【老年用药】在cSSSI和金黄色葡萄球菌菌血症/心内膜炎的3期临床研究中，与年龄<65岁的患者相比，年龄≥65岁的患者的临床有效率较低。另外，与年龄<65岁的患者相比，在年龄≥65岁的患者中更常在治疗中出现不良事件。【贮藏】2-8°C（36-46°F）冰箱中原包装保存，避免受热。

 

 

 

 

 

作用と効果について

細菌の細胞膜に作用し殺菌的作用を示します。環状リポペプチド系の抗生物質です。
通常、敗血症、心内膜炎、深在性皮膚感染症などの治療に使用されます。

次のような方は使う前に必ず担当の医師と薬剤師に伝えてください。

以前に薬を使用して、かゆみ、発疹などのアレルギー症状が出たことがある。呼吸困難、冷や汗が出る、顔色が蒼白になったことがある。腎臓が悪い。

妊娠または授乳中

他に薬などを使っている（お互いに作用を強めたり、弱めたりする可能性もありますので、他に使用中の一般用医薬品や食品も含めて注意してください）。

用法・用量

通常、1日1回、30分かけて点滴で静脈内またはゆっくりと静脈内に注射します。

具体的な使用期間については、担当の医師にお聞きください。

副作用について

主な副作用として、湿疹、発熱、下痢などが報告されています。このような症状に気づいたら、担当の医師または薬剤師に相談してください。

まれに下記のような症状があらわれ、[　]内に示した副作用の初期症状である可能性があります。
このような場合には、使用をやめて、すぐに医師の診療を受けてください。

・息苦しくなる、冷や汗が出る、顔色が蒼白になる、ふらつく、蕁麻疹が出る [ショック、アナフィラキシー]

・熱が出る、皮ふの広い範囲が赤くなる、赤くなった皮ふ上に小さな白いブツブツ（小膿疱しょうのうほう）が出る [急性汎発性発疹性膿疱症]

・手足の筋肉の痛み、しびれ、こわばりがある、尿が赤褐色になる [横紋筋融解症]

・熱が出る、咳が出る、息苦しくなる [好酸球性肺炎]

・手足がしびれる、痛む [末梢性ニューロパシー]

以上の副作用はすべてを記載したものではありません。上記以外でも気になる症状が出た場合は、医師または薬剤師に相談してください。

 

Daptomycin Injection

Dosage Form: injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution

 

 

Pediatric use information is approved for Merck & Co., Inc.'s Cubicin (daptomycin for injection). However, due to Merck & Co., Inc.'s marketing exclusivity rights, this drug product is not labeled with that pediatric information.

Daptomycin for Injection is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSI) caused by susceptible isolates of the following Gram-positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus(including methicillin-resistant isolates), Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis, and Enterococcus faecalis(vancomycin-susceptible isolates only).

Pediatric use information is approved for Merck & Co., Inc.'s Cubicin (daptomycin for injection). However, due to Merck & Co., Inc.'s marketing exclusivity rights, this drug product is not labeled with that pediatric information.

Daptomycin for Injection is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with Staphylococcus aureusbloodstream infections (bacteremia), including those with right-sided infective endocarditis, caused by methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant isolates.

Daptomycin for Injection is not indicated for the treatment of pneumonia.

Daptomycin for Injection is not indicated for the treatment of left-sided infective endocarditis due to S. aureus. The clinical trial of Daptomycin for Injection in adult patients with S. aureus bloodstream infections included limited data from patients with left-sided infective endocarditis; outcomes in these patients were poor [see Clinical Trials (14.2)]. Daptomycin for Injection has not been studied in patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis.

Daptomycin for Injection is not recommended in pediatric patients younger than 1 year of age due to the risk of potential effects on muscular, neuromuscular, and/or nervous systems (either peripheral and/or central) observed in neonatal dogs [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5) and Nonclinical Toxicology (13.2)].

Appropriate specimens for microbiological examination should be obtained in order to isolate and identify the causative pathogens and to determine their susceptibility to daptomycin.

To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of Daptomycin for Injection and other antibacterial drugs, Daptomycin for Injection should be used only to treat infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria.

When culture and susceptibility information is available, it should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy. Empiric therapy may be initiated while awaiting test results.

 

Adults:

 

 

 

 

Administer the appropriate volume of the reconstituted Daptomycin for Injection (concentration of 50 mg/mL) to adult patients intravenously either by injection over a two (2) minute period or by intravenous infusion over a thirty (30) minute period [see Dosage and Administration (2.2, 2.6)].

Pediatric use information is approved for Merck & Co., Inc.'s Cubicin (daptomycin for injection). However, due to Merck & Co., Inc.'s marketing exclusivity rights, this drug product is not labeled with that pediatric information.

Administer Daptomycin for Injection 4 mg/kg to adult patients intravenously in 0.9% sodium chloride injection once every 24 hours for 7 to 14 days.

Pediatric use information is approved for Merck & Co., Inc.'s Cubicin (daptomycin for injection). However, due to Merck & Co., Inc.'s marketing exclusivity rights, this drug product is not labeled with that pediatric information.

Administer Daptomycin for Injection 6 mg/kg to adult patients intravenously in 0.9% sodium chloride injection once every 24 hours for 2 to 6 weeks. There are limited safety data for the use of Daptomycin for Injection for more than 28 days of therapy. In the Phase 3 trial, there were a total of 14 adult patients who were treated with Daptomycin for Injection for more than 28 days.

Adult Patients:

No dosage adjustment is required in adult patients with creatinine clearance (CLCR) greater than or equal to 30 mL/min. The recommended dosage regimen for Daptomycin for Injection in adult patients with CLCR less than 30 mL/min, including adult patients on hemodialysis or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), is 4 mg/kg (cSSSI) or 6 mg/kg (S. aureus bloodstream infections) once every 48 hours (Table 2). When possible, Daptomycin for Injection should be administered following the completion of hemodialysis on hemodialysis days [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2, 5.8), Use in Specific Populations (8.6), and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Table 2. Recommended Dosage of Daptomycin for Injection in Adult Patients
* When possible, administer Daptomycin for Injection following the completion of hemodialysis on hemodialysis days.
Creatinine Clearance (CLCR)	Dosage Regimen in Adults
	cSSSI	S. aureus Bloodstream Infections
Greater than or equal to 30 mL/min	4 mg/kg once every 24 hours	6 mg/kg once every 24 hours
Less than 30 mL/min, including hemodialysis and CAPD	4 mg/kg once every 48 hours*	6 mg/kg once every 48 hours*

Pediatric Patients:

The dosage regimen for Daptomycin for Injection in pediatric patients with renal impairment has not been established.

There are two formulations of daptomycin that have differences concerning storage and reconstitution. Carefully follow the reconstitution and storage procedures in labeling.

Reconstitution of Daptomycin for Injection Vial

Daptomycin for Injection is supplied in single-dose vials, each containing 500 mg daptomycin as a sterile, lyophilized cake or powder. The contents of a Daptomycin for Injection vial should be reconstituted, using aseptic technique, to 50 mg/mL as follows:

1.    To minimize foaming, AVOID vigorous agitation or shaking of the vial during or after reconstitution.

2.    Remove the polypropylene flip-off cap from the Daptomycin for Injection vial to expose the central portion of the rubber stopper.

3.    Wipe the top of the rubber stopper with an alcohol swab or other antiseptic solution and allow to dry.
After cleaning, do not touch the rubber stopper or allow it to touch any other surface.

4.    Slowly transfer 10 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride injection through the center of the rubber stopper into the Daptomycin for Injection vial, pointing the transfer needle toward the wall of the vial. It is recommended that a beveled sterile transfer needle that is 21 gauge or smaller in diameter, or a needleless device is used, pointing the transfer needle toward the wall of the vial.

5.    Ensure that all of the Daptomycin for Injection cake or powder is wetted by gently rotating the vial.

a.

Allow the wetted product to stand undisturbed for 10 minutes.

b.

Gently rotate or swirl the vial contents for a few minutes, as needed, to obtain a completely reconstituted solution.

 

 

 

Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter prior to administration.

Slowly remove reconstituted liquid (50 mg daptomycin/mL) from the vial using a beveled sterile needle that is 21 gauge or smaller in diameter. Administer as an intravenous injection or infusion as described below:

Adults

Intravenous Injection over a period of 2 minutes

For intravenous (IV) injection over a period of 2 minutes in adult patients only: Administer the appropriate volume of the reconstituted Daptomycin for Injection (concentration of 50 mg/mL).

Intravenous Infusion over a period of 30 minutes

For IV infusion over a period of 30 minutes in adult patients: The appropriate volume of the reconstituted Daptomycin for Injection (concentration of 50 mg/mL) should be further diluted, using aseptic technique, into a 50 mL IV infusion bag containing 0.9% sodium chloride injection.

No preservative or bacteriostatic agent is present in this product. Aseptic technique must be used in the preparation of final IV solution. Do not exceed the In-Use storage conditions of the reconstituted and diluted solutions of Daptomycin for Injection described below. Discard unused portions of Daptomycin for Injection.

In-Use Storage Conditions for Daptomycin for Injection Once Reconstituted in Acceptable Intravenous Diluents

Stability studies have shown that the reconstituted solution is stable in the vial for 12 hours at room temperature and up to 48 hours if stored under refrigeration at 2 to 8°C (36 to 46°F).

The diluted solution is stable in the infusion bag for 12 hours at room temperature and 48 hours if stored under refrigeration. The combined storage time (reconstituted solution in vial and diluted solution in infusion bag) should not exceed 12 hours at room temperature or 48 hours under refrigeration.

Pediatric use information is approved for Merck & Co., Inc.'s Cubicin (daptomycin for injection). However, due to Merck & Co., Inc.'s marketing exclusivity rights, this drug product is not labeled with that pediatric information.

Daptomycin for Injection is compatible with 0.9% sodium chloride injection and lactated Ringer's injection.

Daptomycin for Injection is not compatible with dextrose-containing diluents.

Daptomycin for Injection should not be used in conjunction with ReadyMED® elastomeric infusion pumps. Stability studies of Daptomycin for Injection solutions stored in ReadyMED® elastomeric infusion pumps identified an impurity (2-mercaptobenzothiazole) leaching from this pump system into the Daptomycin for Injection solution.

Because only limited data are available on the compatibility of Daptomycin for Injection with other IV substances, additives and other medications should not be added to Daptomycin for Injection single-dose vials or infusion bags, or infused simultaneously with Daptomycin for Injection through the same IV line. If the same IV line is used for sequential infusion of different drugs, the line should be flushed with a compatible intravenous solution before and after infusion with Daptomycin for Injection.

For Injection: 500 mg daptomycin as a sterile, pale yellow to light brown lyophilized cake or powder for reconstitution in a single-dose vial.

Daptomycin for Injection is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to daptomycin.

Anaphylaxis/hypersensitivity reactions have been reported with the use of antibacterial agents, including Daptomycin for Injection, and may be life-threatening. If an allergic reaction to Daptomycin for Injection occurs, discontinue the drug and institute appropriate therapy [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)].

Myopathy, defined as muscle aching or muscle weakness in conjunction with increases in creatine phosphokinase (CPK) values to greater than 10 times the upper limit of normal (ULN), has been reported with the use of Daptomycin for Injection. Rhabdomyolysis, with or without acute renal failure, has been reported [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)].

Patients receiving Daptomycin for Injection should be monitored for the development of muscle pain or weakness, particularly of the distal extremities. In patients who receive Daptomycin for Injection, CPK levels should be monitored weekly, and more frequently in patients who received recent prior or concomitant therapy with an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor or in whom elevations in CPK occur during treatment with Daptomycin for Injection.

In adult patients with renal impairment, both renal function and CPK should be monitored more frequently than once weekly [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

In Phase 1 studies and Phase 2 clinical trials in adults, CPK elevations appeared to be more frequent when Daptomycin for Injection was dosed more than once daily. Therefore, Daptomycin for Injection should not be dosed more frequently than once a day.

Daptomycin for Injection should be discontinued in patients with unexplained signs and symptoms of myopathy in conjunction with CPK elevations to levels >1,000 U/L (~5× ULN), and in patients without reported symptoms who have marked elevations in CPK, with levels >2,000 U/L (≥10× ULN). In addition, consideration should be given to suspending agents associated with rhabdomyolysis, such as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, temporarily in patients receiving Daptomycin for Injection [see Drug Interactions (7.1)].

Eosinophilic pneumonia has been reported in patients receiving Daptomycin for Injection [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)]. In reported cases associated with Daptomycin for Injection, patients developed fever, dyspnea with hypoxic respiratory insufficiency, and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates or organizing pneumonia. In general, patients developed eosinophilic pneumonia 2 to 4 weeks after starting Daptomycin for Injection and improved when Daptomycin for Injection was discontinued and steroid therapy was initiated. Recurrence of eosinophilic pneumonia upon re-exposure has been reported. Patients who develop these signs and symptoms while receiving Daptomycin for Injection should undergo prompt medical evaluation, and Daptomycin for Injection should be discontinued immediately. Treatment with systemic steroids is recommended.

Cases of peripheral neuropathy have been reported during the Daptomycin for Injection postmarketing experience [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)]. Therefore, physicians should be alert to signs and symptoms of peripheral neuropathy in patients receiving Daptomycin for Injection. Monitor for neuropathy and consider discontinuation.

Avoid use of Daptomycin for Injection in pediatric patients younger than 12 months due to the risk of potential effects on muscular, neuromuscular, and/or nervous systems (either peripheral and/or central) observed in neonatal dogs with intravenous daptomycin [see Nonclinical Toxicology (13.2)].

Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported with the use of nearly all systemic antibacterial agents, including Daptomycin for Injection, and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)]. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon, leading to overgrowth of C. difficile.

C. difficile produces toxins A and B, which contribute to the development of CDAD. Hypertoxin-producing strains of C. difficile cause increased morbidity and mortality, since these infections can be refractory to antimicrobial therapy and may require colectomy. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhea following antibacterial use. Careful medical history is necessary because CDAD has been reported to occur more than 2 months after the administration of antibacterial agents.

If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, ongoing antibacterial use not directed against C. difficile may need to be discontinued. Appropriate fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, antibacterial treatment of C. difficile, and surgical evaluation should be instituted as clinically indicated.

 

 

Patients with persisting or relapsing S. aureus bacteremia/endocarditis or poor clinical response should have repeat blood cultures. If a blood culture is positive for S. aureus, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) susceptibility testing of the isolate should be performed using a standardized procedure, and diagnostic evaluation of the patient should be performed to rule out sequestered foci of infection. Appropriate surgical intervention (e.g., debridement, removal of prosthetic devices, valve replacement surgery) and/or consideration of a change in antibacterial regimen may be required.

Failure of treatment due to persisting or relapsing S. aureus bacteremia/endocarditis may be due to reduced daptomycin susceptibility (as evidenced by increasing MIC of the S. aureus isolate) [see Clinical Trials (14.2)].

Limited data are available from the two Phase 3 complicated skin and skin structure infection (cSSSI) trials regarding clinical efficacy of Daptomycin for Injection treatment in adult patients with creatinine clearance (CLCR) <50 mL/min; only 31/534 (6%) patients treated with Daptomycin for Injection in the intent-to-treat (ITT) population had a baseline CLCR <50 mL/min. Table 3 shows the number of adult patients by renal function and treatment group who were clinical successes in the Phase 3 cSSSI trials.

Table 3. Clinical Success Rates by Renal Function and Treatment Group in Phase 3 cSSSI Trials in Adult Patients (Population: ITT)
CLCR	Success Rate n/N (%)
	Daptomycin for Injection 4 mg/kg q24h	Comparator
50-70 mL/min	25/38 (66%)	30/48 (63%)
30–< 50 mL/min	7/15 (47%)	20/35 (57%)

In a subgroup analysis of the ITT population in the Phase 3 S. aureus bacteremia/endocarditis trial, clinical success rates, as determined by a treatment-blinded Adjudication Committee [see Clinical Trials (14.2)], in the Daptomycin for Injection-treated adult patients were lower in patients with baseline CLCR<50 mL/min (see Table 4). A decrease of the magnitude shown in Table 4 was not observed in comparator-treated patients. 

Table 4: Adjudication Committee Clinical Success Rates at Test of Cure by Baseline Creatinine Clearance and Treatment Subgroup in the S. aureus Bacteremia/Endocarditis Trial in Adult Patients (Population: ITT)
Baseline CLCR	Success Rate n/N (%)
	Daptomycin for Injection 6 mg/kg q24h		Comparator
	Bacteremia	Right-Sided Infective Endocarditis	Bacteremia	Right-Sided Infective Endocarditis
>80 mL/min	30/50 (60%)	7/14 (50%)	19/42 (45%)	5/11 (46%)
50-80 mL/min	12/26 (46%)	1/4 (25%)	13/31 (42%)	1/2 (50%)
30-<50 mL/min	2/14 (14%)	0/1 (0%)	7/17 (41%)	1/1 (100%)

Consider these data when selecting antibacterial therapy for use in adult patients with baseline moderate to severe renal impairment.

Clinically relevant plasma concentrations of daptomycin have been observed to cause a significant concentration-dependent false prolongation of prothrombin time (PT) and elevation of International Normalized Ratio (INR) when certain recombinant thromboplastin reagents are utilized for the assay [see Drug Interactions (7.2)].

The use of antibacterials may promote the overgrowth of non-susceptible microorganisms. If these infections occur during therapy, appropriate measures should be taken.

Prescribing Daptomycin for Injection in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria.

The following adverse reactions are described, or described in greater detail, in other sections:

Anaphylaxis/hypersensitivity reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]Myopathy and rhabdomyolysis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)]Eosinophilic pneumonia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)]Peripheral neuropathy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]Increased International Normalized Ratio (INR)/prolonged prothrombin time [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9) and Drug Interactions (7.2)]

 

 

 

 

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared with rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

Clinical Trial Experience in Adult Patients

Clinical trials enrolled 1,864 adult patients treated with Daptomycin for Injection and 1,416 treated with comparator.

Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infection Trials in Adults

In Phase 3 complicated skin and skin structure infection (cSSSI) trials in adult patients, Daptomycin for Injection was discontinued in 15/534 (2.8%) patients due to an adverse reaction, while comparator was discontinued in 17/558 (3.0%) patients.

The rates of the most common adverse reactions, organized by body system, observed in adult patients with cSSSI (receiving 4 mg/kg Daptomycin for Injection) are displayed in Table 5.

Table 5: Incidence of Adverse Reactions that Occurred in ≥2% of Adult Patients in the Daptomycin for Injection Treatment Group and ≥ the Comparator Treatment Group in Phase 3 cSSSI Trials
* Comparator: vancomycin (1 g IV q12h) or an anti-staphylococcal semi-synthetic penicillin (i.e., nafcillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, or flucloxacillin; 4 to 12 g/day IV in divided doses).
Adverse Reaction	Adult Patients (%)
	Daptomycin for Injection 4 mg/kg (N=534)	Comparator* (N=558)
Gastrointestinal disorders     Diarrhea	5.2	4.3
Nervous system disorders     Headache     Dizziness	5.4 2.2	5.4 2.0
Skin/subcutaneous disorders     Rash	4.3	3.8
Diagnostic investigations     Abnormal liver function tests     Elevated CPK	3.0 2.8	1.6 1.8
Infections     Urinary tract infections	2.4	0.5
Vascular disorders     Hypotension	2.4	1.4
Respiratory disorders     Dyspnea	2.1	1.6

Drug-related adverse reactions (possibly or probably drug-related) that occurred in <1% of adult patients receiving Daptomycin for Injection in the cSSSI trials are as follows:

Body as a Whole: fatigue, weakness, rigors, flushing, hypersensitivity
Blood/Lymphatic System: leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, thrombocytosis, eosinophilia, increased International Normalized Ratio (INR)
Cardiovascular System: supraventricular arrhythmia
Dermatologic System: eczema
Digestive System: abdominal distension, stomatitis, jaundice, increased serum lactate dehydrogenase
Metabolic/Nutritional System: hypomagnesemia, increased serum bicarbonate, electrolyte disturbance
Musculoskeletal System: myalgia, muscle cramps, muscle weakness, arthralgia
Nervous System: vertigo, mental status change, paresthesia
Special Senses: taste disturbance, eye irritation

S. aureus Bacteremia/Endocarditis Trial in Adults

In the S. aureus bacteremia/endocarditis trial involving adult patients, Daptomycin for Injection was discontinued in 20/120 (16.7%) patients due to an adverse reaction, while comparator was discontinued in 21/116 (18.1%) patients.

Serious Gram-negative infections (including bloodstream infections) were reported in 10/120 (8.3%) Daptomycin for Injection-treated patients and 0/115 comparator-treated patients. Comparator-treated patients received dual therapy that included initial gentamicin for 4 days. Infections were reported during treatment and during early and late follow-up. Gram-negative infections included cholangitis, alcoholic pancreatitis, sternal osteomyelitis/mediastinitis, bowel infarction, recurrent Crohn's disease, recurrent line sepsis, and recurrent urosepsis caused by a number of different Gram-negative bacteria.

The rates of the most common adverse reactions, organized by System Organ Class (SOC), observed in adult patients with S. aureus bacteremia/endocarditis (receiving 6 mg/kg Daptomycin for Injection) are displayed in Table 6.

Table 6: Incidence of Adverse Reactions that Occurred in ≥5% of Adult Patients in the Daptomycin for Injection Treatment Group and ≥ to the Comparator Treatment Group in the S. aureus Bacteremia/Endocarditis Trial
* NOS, not otherwise specified. † Comparator: vancomycin (1 g IV q12h) or an anti-staphylococcal semi-synthetic penicillin (i.e., nafcillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, or flucloxacillin; 2 g IV q4h), each with initial low-dose gentamicin.
Adverse Reaction*	Adult Patients n (%)
	Daptomycin for Injection 6 mg/kg (N=120)	Comparator†  (N=116)
Infections and infestations     Sepsis NOS     Bacteremia	6 (5%) 6 (5%)	3 (3%) 0 (0%)
Gastrointestinal disorders     Abdominal pain NOS	7 (6%)	4 (3%)
General disorders and administration site conditions     Chest pain     Edema NOS	8 (7%) 8 (7%)	7 (6%) 5 (4%)
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders     Pharyngolaryngeal pain	10 (8%)	2 (2%)
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders     Pruritus     Sweating increased	7 (6%) 6 (5%)	6 (5%) 0 (0%)
Psychiatric disorders     Insomnia	11 (9%)	8 (7%)
Investigations     Blood creatine phosphokinase increased	8 (7%)	1 (1%)
Vascular disorders     Hypertension NOS	7 (6%)	3 (3%)

 

 

 

 

The following reactions, not included above, were reported as possibly or probably drug-related in the Daptomycin for Injection-treated group:

Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders: eosinophilia, lymphadenopathy, thrombocythemia, thrombocytopenia
Cardiac Disorders: atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, cardiac arrest
Ear and Labyrinth Disorders: tinnitus
Eye Disorders: vision blurred
Gastrointestinal Disorders: dry mouth, epigastric discomfort, gingival pain, hypoesthesia oral
Infections and Infestations: candidal infection NOS, vaginal candidiasis, fungemia, oral candidiasis, urinary tract infection fungal
Investigations: blood phosphorous increased, blood alkaline phosphatase increased, INR increased, liver function test abnormal, alanine aminotransferase increased, aspartate aminotransferase increased, prothrombin time prolonged
Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders: appetite decreased NOS
Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders: myalgia
Nervous System Disorders: dyskinesia, paresthesia
Psychiatric Disorders: hallucination NOS
Renal and Urinary Disorders: proteinuria, renal impairment NOS
Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: pruritus generalized, rash vesicular

Other Trials in Adults

In Phase 3 trials of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adult patients, the death rate and rates of serious cardiorespiratory adverse events were higher in Daptomycin for Injection-treated patients than in comparator-treated patients. These differences were due to lack of therapeutic effectiveness of Daptomycin for Injection in the treatment of CAP in patients experiencing these adverse events [see Indications and Usage (1.3)].

Laboratory Changes in Adults

Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infection Trials in Adults

In Phase 3 cSSSI trials of adult patients receiving Daptomycin for Injection at a dose of 4 mg/kg, elevations in CPK were reported as clinical adverse events in 15/534 (2.8%) Daptomycin for Injection-treated patients, compared with 10/558 (1.8%) comparator-treated patients. Of the 534 patients treated with Daptomycin for Injection, 1 (0.2%) had symptoms of muscle pain or weakness associated with CPK elevations to greater than 4 times the upper limit of normal (ULN). The symptoms resolved within 3 days and CPK returned to normal within 7 to 10 days after treatment was discontinued [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)]. Table 7 summarizes the CPK shifts from Baseline through End of Therapy in the cSSSI adult trials. 

Table 7: Incidence of CPK Elevations from Baseline during Therapy in Either the Daptomycin for Injection Treatment Group or the Comparator Treatment Group in Phase 3 cSSSI Adult Trials
Note: Elevations in CPK observed in adult patients treated with Daptomycin for Injection or comparator were not clinically or statistically significantly different.
* Comparator: vancomycin (1 g IV q12h) or an anti-staphylococcal semi-synthetic penicillin (i.e., nafcillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, or flucloxacillin; 4 to 12 g/day IV in divided doses). † ULN (Upper Limit of Normal) is defined as 200 U/L.
Change in CPK	All Adult Patients				Adult Patients withNormalCPK at Baseline
	Daptomycin for Injection 4 mg/kg (N=430)		Comparator* (N=459)		Daptomycin for Injection 4 mg/kg (N=374)		Comparator* (N=392)
	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n
No Increase	90.7	390	91.1	418	91.2	341	91.1	357
Maximum Value >1× ULN†	9.3	40	8.9	41	8.8	33	8.9	35
>2× ULN	4.9	21	4.8	22	3.7	14	3.1	12
>4× ULN	1.4	6	1.5	7	1.1	4	1.0	4
>5× ULN	1.4	6	0.4	2	1.1	4	0.0	0
>10× ULN	0.5	2	0.2	1	0.2	1	0.0	0

S. aureus Bacteremia/Endocarditis Trial in Adults

In the S. aureus bacteremia/endocarditis trial in adult patients, at a dose of 6 mg/kg, 11/120 (9.2%) Daptomycin for Injection-treated patients, including two patients with baseline CPK levels >500 U/L, had CPK elevations to levels >500 U/L, compared with 1/116 (0.9%) comparator-treated patients. Of the 11 Daptomycin for Injection-treated patients, 4 had prior or concomitant treatment with an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. Three of these 11 Daptomycin for Injection-treated patients discontinued therapy due to CPK elevation, while the one comparator-treated patient did not discontinue therapy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].

 

 

Pediatric use information is approved for Merck & Co., Inc.'s Cubicin (daptomycin for injection). However, due to Merck & Co., Inc.'s marketing exclusivity rights, this drug product is not labeled with that pediatric information.

The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of Daptomycin for Injection. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

Blood and lymphatic system disorders: anemia

General and administration site conditions: pyrexia

Immune System Disorders: anaphylaxis; hypersensitivity reactions, including angioedema, drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), pruritus, hives, shortness of breath, difficulty swallowing, truncal erythema, and pulmonary eosinophilia [see Contraindications (4) and  Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]
Infections and Infestations: Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)]
Musculoskeletal Disorders: myoglobin increased; rhabdomyolysis (some reports involved patients treated concurrently with Daptomycin for Injection and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2), Drug Interactions (7.1), and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]
Respiratory, Thoracic, and Mediastinal Disorders: cough, eosinophilic pneumonia, organizing pneumonia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)]
Nervous System Disorders: peripheral neuropathy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]
Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: serious skin reactions, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome and vesiculobullous rash (with or without mucous membrane involvement), acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis
Gastrointestinal Disorders: nausea, vomiting
Renal and urinary disorders: acute kidney injury, renal insufficiency, and renal failure
Special Senses: visual disturbances

In healthy adult subjects, concomitant administration of Daptomycin for Injection and simvastatin had no effect on plasma trough concentrations of simvastatin, and there were no reports of skeletal myopathy [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

However, inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase may cause myopathy, which is manifested as muscle pain or weakness associated with elevated levels of creatine phosphokinase (CPK). In the adult Phase 3 S. aureus bacteremia/endocarditis trial, some patients who received prior or concomitant treatment with an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor developed elevated CPK [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)]. Experience with the coadministration of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and Daptomycin for Injection in patients is limited; therefore, consideration should be given to suspending use of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors temporarily in patients receiving Daptomycin for Injection.

Clinically relevant plasma concentrations of daptomycin have been observed to cause a significant concentration-dependent false prolongation of prothrombin time (PT) and elevation of International Normalized Ratio (INR) when certain recombinant thromboplastin reagents are utilized for the assay. The possibility of an erroneously elevated PT/INR result due to interaction with a recombinant thromboplastin reagent may be minimized by drawing specimens for PT or INR testing near the time of trough plasma concentrations of daptomycin. However, sufficient daptomycin concentrations may be present at trough to cause interaction.

If confronted with an abnormally high PT/INR result in a patient being treated with Daptomycin for Injection, it is recommended that clinicians:

1.

Repeat the assessment of PT/INR, requesting that the specimen be drawn just prior to the next Daptomycin for Injection dose (i.e., at trough concentration). If the PT/INR value obtained at trough remains substantially elevated above what would otherwise be expected, consider evaluating PT/INR utilizing an alternative method.

2.

Evaluate for other causes of abnormally elevated PT/INR results.

Risk Summary

Limited published data on use of Daptomycin for Injection in pregnant women are insufficient to inform a drug-associated risk for major birth defects and miscarriage. In animal reproduction studies performed in rats and rabbits daptomycin was administered intravenously during organogenesis at doses 2 and 4-times, respectively, the recommended 6 mg/kg human dose (on a body surface area basis). No evidence of adverse developmental outcomes was observed.

The background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In theU.S.general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2–4% and 15–20%, respectively.

 

 

 

 

Data

Animal Data

In pregnant rats, daptomycin was administered intravenously at doses of 5, 20, or 75 mg/kg/day during the gestation days 6 to 18. Maternal body weight gain was decreased at 75 mg/kg/day. No embryo/fetal effects were noted at the highest dose of 75 mg/kg/day, a dose approximately 2-fold higher than in humans at the recommended maximum dose of 6mg/kg (based on body surface area).

In pregnant rabbits, daptomycin was administered intravenously at doses of 5, 20, or 75 mg/kg/day during the gestation days 6 to 15. Maternal body weight gain and food consumption were decreased at 75 mg/kg/day. No embryo/fetal effects were noted at the highest dose of 75 mg/kg/day, a dose approximately 4-fold higher than in humans at the maximum recommended dose of 6 mg/kg (based on body surface area).

In a combined fertility and pre/postnatal development study, daptomycin was administered intravenously to female rats at doses of 2, 25, 75 mg/kg/day from 14-days pre-mating through lactation/postpartum day 20). No effects on pre/postnatal development were observed up to the highest dose of 75 mg/kg/day, a dose approximately 2-fold higher than the maximum recommended human dose of 6 mg/kg (based on body surface area)1.

Risk Summary

Limited published data report that daptomycin is present in human milk at infant doses of 0.1% of the maternal dose [see Data]2,3,4. There is no information on the effects of daptomycin on the breastfed infant or the effects of daptomycin on milk production. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for Daptomycin for Injection and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from Daptomycin for Injection or from the underlying maternal condition.

Safety and effectiveness of Daptomycin for Injection in pediatric patients below the age of one year have not been established. Avoid use of Daptomycin for Injection in pediatric patients younger than one year of age due to the risk of potential effects on muscular, neuromuscular, and/or nervous systems (either peripheral and/or central) observed in neonatal dogs [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5) and Nonclinical Toxicology (13.2)].

Daptomycin for Injection is not indicated in pediatric patients with renal impairment because dosage has not been established in these patients.

The safety and efficacy of Daptomycin for Injection has not been established in pediatric patients (below 18 years of age) with Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections (bacteremia). The safety and efficacy of Daptomycin for Injection has also not been established in pediatric patients with cSSSI associated with bloodstream infections. Daptomycin for Injection has also not been studied in pediatric patients with other bacterial infections.

Pediatric use information is approved for Merck & Co., Inc.'s Cubicin (daptomycin for injection). However, due to Merck & Co., Inc.'s marketing exclusivity rights, this drug product is not labeled with that pediatric information.

Of the 534 adult patients treated with Daptomycin for Injection in Phase 3 controlled clinical trials of complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSI), 27% were 65 years of age or older and 12% were 75 years of age or older. Of the 120 adult patients treated with Daptomycin for Injection in the Phase 3 controlled clinical trial of S. aureus bacteremia/endocarditis, 25% were 65 years of age or older and 16% were 75 years of age or older. In Phase 3 adult clinical trials of cSSSI and S. aureusbacteremia/endocarditis, clinical success rates were lower in patients ≥65 years of age than in patients <65 years of age. In addition, treatment-emergent adverse events were more common in patients ≥65 years of age than in patients <65 years of age.

The exposure of daptomycin was higher in healthy elderly subjects than in healthy young adult subjects. However, no adjustment of Daptomycin for Injection dosage is warranted for elderly patients with creatinine clearance (CLCR) ≥30 mL/min [see Dosage and Administration (2.4) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Daptomycin is eliminated primarily by the kidneys; therefore, a modification of Daptomycin for Injection dosage interval is recommended for adult patients with CLCR <30 mL/min, including patients receiving hemodialysis or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). In adult patients with renal impairment, both renal function and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) should be monitored more frequently than once weekly [see Dosage and Administration (2.4), Warnings and Precautions (5.2,5.8), and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

The dosage regimen for Daptomycin for Injection in pediatric patients with renal impairment has not been established.

 

 

 

In the event of overdosage, supportive care is advised with maintenance of glomerular filtration. Daptomycin is cleared slowly from the body by hemodialysis (approximately 15% of the administered dose is removed over 4 hours) and by peritoneal dialysis (approximately 11% of the administered dose is removed over 48 hours). The use of high-flux dialysis membranes during 4 hours of hemodialysis may increase the percentage of dose removed compared with that removed by low-flux membranes.

Daptomycin for Injection contains daptomycin, a cyclic lipopeptide antibacterial agent derived from the fermentation of Streptomyces roseosporus. The chemical name is N-decanoyl-L-tryptophyl-D-asparaginyl-L-aspartyl-L-threonylglycyl-L-ornithyl-L-aspartyl-D-alanyl-L-aspartylglycyl-D-seryl-threo-3-methyl-L-glutamyl-3-anthraniloyl-L-alanine ε1-lactone. The chemical structure is:

The empirical formula is C72H101N17O26; the molecular weight is 1620.67. Daptomycin for Injection is supplied in a single-dose vial as a sterile, preservative-free, pale yellow to light brown, lyophilized cake or powder containing approximately 500 mg of daptomycin for intravenous (IV) use following reconstitution with 0.9% sodium chloride injection [see Dosage and Administration (2.5)]. The only inactive ingredient is sodium hydroxide, which is used for pH adjustment. Freshly reconstituted solutions of Daptomycin for Injection range in color from pale yellow to light brown.

Daptomycin is an antibacterial drug [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.4)].

Based on animal models of infection, the antimicrobial activity of daptomycin appears to correlate with the AUC/MIC (area under the concentration-time curve/minimum inhibitory concentration) ratio for certain pathogens, including S. aureus. The principal pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameter best associated with clinical and microbiological cure has not been elucidated in clinical trials with Daptomycin for Injection.

Daptomycin for Injection Administered over a 30-Minute Period in Adults

The mean and standard deviation (SD) pharmacokinetic parameters of daptomycin at steady-state following intravenous (IV) administration of Daptomycin for Injection over a 30-minute period at 4 to 12 mg/kg q24h to healthy young adults are summarized in Table 9.

Table 9: Mean (SD) Daptomycin Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Healthy Adult Volunteers at Steady-State
* Daptomycin for Injection was administered by IV infusion over a 30-minute period. † Doses of Daptomycin for Injection in excess of 6 mg/kg have not been approved. ‡ AUC0-24, area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 hours; t1/2, elimination half-life; Vss, volume of distribution at steady-state; CLT, total plasma clearance; Cmax, maximum plasma concentration.
Dose*† (mg/kg)	Pharmacokinetic Parameters‡
	AUC0-24 (mcg•h/mL)	t1/2 (h)	Vss (L/kg)	CLT (mL/h/kg)	Cmax (mcg/mL)
4 (N=6)	494 (75)	8.1 (1.0)	0.096 (0.009)	8.3 (1.3)	57.8 (3.0)
6 (N=6)	632 (78)	7.9 (1.0)	0.101 (0.007)	9.1 (1.5)	93.9 (6.0)
8 (N=6)	858 (213)	8.3 (2.2)	0.101 (0.013)	9.0 (3.0)	123.3 (16.0)
10 (N=9)	1039 (178)	7.9 (0.6)	0.098 (0.017)	8.8 (2.2)	141.1 (24.0)
12 (N=9)	1277 (253)	7.7 (1.1)	0.097 (0.018)	9.0 (2.8)	183.7 (25.0)

Daptomycin pharmacokinetics were generally linear and time-independent at Daptomycin for Injection doses of 4 to 12 mg/kg q24h administered by IV infusion over a 30-minute period for up to 14 days. Steady-state trough concentrations were achieved by the third daily dose. The mean (SD) steady-state trough concentrations attained following the administration of 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 mg/kg q24h were 5.9 (1.6), 6.7 (1.6), 10.3 (5.5), 12.9 (2.9), and 13.7 (5.2) mcg/mL, respectively.

Daptomycin for Injection Administered over a 2-Minute Period in Adults

Following IV administration of Daptomycin for Injection over a 2-minute period to healthy adult volunteers at doses of 4 mg/kg (N=8) and 6 mg/kg (N=12), the mean (SD) steady-state systemic exposure (AUC) values were 475 (71) and 701 (82) mcg•h/mL, respectively. Values for maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) at the end of the 2-minute period could not be determined adequately in this study. However, using pharmacokinetic parameters from 14 healthy adult volunteers who received a single dose of Daptomycin for Injection 6 mg/kg IV administered over a 30-minute period in a separate study, steady-state Cmax values were simulated for Daptomycin for Injection 4 and 6 mg/kg IV administered over a 2-minute period. The simulated mean (SD) steady-state Cmax values were 77.7 (8.1) and 116.6 (12.2) mcg/mL, respectively.

 

 

 

 

 

Distribution

Daptomycin is reversibly bound to human plasma proteins, primarily to serum albumin, in a concentration-independent manner. The overall mean binding ranges from 90 to 93%.

In clinical studies, mean serum protein binding in adult subjects with creatinine clearance (CLCR) ≥30 mL/min was comparable to that observed in healthy adult subjects with normal renal function. However, there was a trend toward decreasing serum protein binding among subjects with CLCR <30 mL/min (88%), including those receiving hemodialysis (86%) and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) (84%). The protein binding of daptomycin in adult subjects with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class B) was similar to that in healthy adult subjects.

The volume of distribution at steady-state (Vss) of daptomycin in healthy adult subjects was approximately 0.1 L/kg and was independent of dose.

Metabolism

In in vitro studies, daptomycin was not metabolized by human liver microsomes.

In 5 healthy adults after infusion of radiolabeled 14C-daptomycin, the plasma total radioactivity was similar to the concentration determined by microbiological assay. Inactive metabolites were detected in urine, as determined by the difference between total radioactive concentrations and microbiologically active concentrations. In a separate study, no metabolites were observed in plasma on Day 1 following the administration of Daptomycin for Injection at 6 mg/kg to adult subjects. Minor amounts of three oxidative metabolites and one unidentified compound were detected in urine. The site of metabolism has not been identified.

Excretion

Daptomycin is excreted primarily by the kidneys. In a mass balance study of 5 healthy adult subjects using radiolabeled daptomycin, approximately 78% of the administered dose was recovered from urine based on total radioactivity (approximately 52% of the dose based on microbiologically active concentrations), and 5.7% of the administered dose was recovered from feces (collected for up to 9 days) based on total radioactivity.

Specific Populations

Renal Impairment

Population-derived pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for infected adult patients (complicated skin and skin structure infections [cSSSI] and S. aureus bacteremia) and noninfected adult subjects with various degrees of renal function (Table 10). Total plasma clearance (CLT), elimination half-life (t1/2), and volume of distribution at steady-state (Vss) in patients with cSSSI were similar to those in patients with S. aureus bacteremia. Following administration of Daptomycin for Injection 4 mg/kg q24h by IV infusion over a 30-minute period, the mean CLT was 9%, 22%, and 46% lower among subjects and patients with mild (CLCR 50–80 mL/min), moderate (CLCR 30–<50 mL/min), and severe (CLCR <30 mL/min) renal impairment, respectively, than in those with normal renal function (CLCR >80 mL/min). The mean steady-state systemic exposure (AUC), t1/2, and Vss increased with decreasing renal function, although the mean AUC for patients with CLCR 30–80 mL/min was not markedly different from the mean AUC for patients with normal renal function. The mean AUC for patients with CLCR <30 mL/min and for patients on dialysis (CAPD and hemodialysis dosed post-dialysis) was approximately 2 and 3 times higher, respectively, than for patients with normal renal function. The mean Cmax ranged from 60 to 70 mcg/mL in patients with CLCR ≥30 mL/min, while the mean Cmax for patients with CLCR <30 mL/min ranged from 41 to 58 mcg/mL. After administration of Daptomycin for Injection 6 mg/kg q24h by IV infusion over a 30-minute period, the mean Cmax ranged from 80 to 114 mcg/mL in patients with mild to moderate renal impairment and was similar to that of patients with normal renal function.

Table 10: Mean (SD) Daptomycin Population Pharmacokinetic Parameters Following Infusion of Daptomycin for Injection 4 mg/kg or 6 mg/kg to Infected Adult Patients and Noninfected Adult Subjects with Various Degrees of Renal Function

Note: Daptomycin for Injection was administered over a 30-minute period.

* CLCR, creatinine clearance estimated using the Cockcroft-Gault equation with actual body weight; CAPD, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis; AUC0-∞, area under the concentration-time curve extrapolated to infinity; AUCss, area under the concentration-time curve calculated over the 24-hour dosing interval at steady-state; Cmin,ss, trough concentration at steady-state; NA, not applicable. † Parameters obtained following a single dose from patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections and healthy subjects. ‡ Parameters obtained at steady-state from patients with S. aureus bacteremia.

Renal Function

Pharmacokinetic Parameters*

t1/2† (h) 4 mg/kg

Vss† (L/kg) 4 mg/kg

CLT† (mL/h/kg) 4 mg/kg

AUC0-∞† (mcg•h/mL) 4 mg/kg

AUCss‡ (mcg•h/mL) 6 mg/kg

Cmin,ss‡ (mcg/mL) 6 mg/kg

Normal (CLCR >80 mL/min)

9.39 (4.74) N=165

0.13 (0.05) N=165

10.9 (4.0) N=165

417 (155) N=165

545 (296) N=62

6.9 (3.5) N=61

Mild Renal Impairment (CLCR 50–80 mL/min)

10.75 (8.36) N=64

0.12 (0.05) N=64

9.9 (4.0) N=64

466 (177) N=64

637 (215) N=29

12.4 (5.6) N=29

Moderate Renal Impairment (CLCR 30–<50 mL/min)

14.70 (10.50) N=24

0.15 (0.06) N=24

8.5 (3.4) N=24

560 (258) N=24

868 (349) N=15

19.0 (9.0) N=14

Severe Renal Impairment (CLCR <30 mL/min)

27.83 (14.85) N=8

0.20 (0.15) N=8

5.9 (3.9) N=8

925 (467) N=8

1050 (892) N=2

24.4 (21.4) N=2

Hemodialysis

30.51 (6.51) N=16

0.16 (0.04) N=16

3.9 (2.1) N=16

1193 (399) N=16

NA

NA

CAPD

27.56 (4.53) N=5

0.11 (0.02) N=5

2.9 (0.4) N=5

1409 (238) N=5

NA

NA

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Because renal excretion is the primary route of elimination, adjustment of Daptomycin for Injection dosage interval is necessary in adult patients with severe renal impairment (CLCR <30 mL/min) [see Dosage and Administration (2.4)].

Hepatic Impairment

The pharmacokinetics of daptomycin were evaluated in 10 adult subjects with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class B) and compared with those in healthy adult volunteers (N=9) matched for gender, age, and weight. The pharmacokinetics of daptomycin were not altered in subjects with moderate hepatic impairment. No dosage adjustment is warranted when Daptomycin for Injection is administered to patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment. The pharmacokinetics of daptomycin in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class C) have not been evaluated.

Gender

No clinically significant gender-related differences in daptomycin pharmacokinetics have been observed. No dosage adjustment is warranted based on gender when Daptomycin for Injection is administered.

Geriatric

The pharmacokinetics of daptomycin were evaluated in 12 healthy elderly subjects (≥75 years of age) and 11 healthy young adult controls (18 to 30 years of age). Following administration of a single 4 mg/kg dose of Daptomycin for Injection by IV infusion over a 30-minute period, the mean total clearance of daptomycin was approximately 35% lower and the mean AUC0-∞ was approximately 58% higher in elderly subjects than in healthy young adult subjects. There were no differences in Cmax[see Use in Specific Populations (8.5)].

Obesity

The pharmacokinetics of daptomycin were evaluated in 6 moderately obese (Body Mass Index [BMI] 25 to 39.9 kg/m2) and 6 extremely obese (BMI ≥40 kg/m2) adult subjects and controls matched for age, gender, and renal function. Following administration of Daptomycin for Injection by IV infusion over a 30-minute period as a single 4 mg/kg dose based on total body weight, the total plasma clearance of daptomycin normalized to total body weight was approximately 15% lower in moderately obese subjects and 23% lower in extremely obese subjects than in nonobese controls. The AUC0-∞ of daptomycin was approximately 30% higher in moderately obese subjects and 31% higher in extremely obese subjects than in nonobese controls. The differences were most likely due to differences in the renal clearance of daptomycin. No adjustment of Daptomycin for Injection dosage is warranted in obese patients.

Pediatric

Pediatric use information is approved for Merck & Co., Inc.'s Cubicin (daptomycin for injection). However, due to Merck & Co., Inc.'s marketing exclusivity rights, this drug product is not labeled with that pediatric information.

Drug-Drug Interactions

In Vitro Studies

In vitro studies with human hepatocytes indicate that daptomycin does not inhibit or induce the activities of the following human cytochrome P450 isoforms: 1A2, 2A6, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, and 3A4. It is unlikely that daptomycin will inhibit or induce the metabolism of drugs metabolized by the P450 system.

Aztreonam

In a study in which 15 healthy adult subjects received a single dose of Daptomycin for Injection 6 mg/kg IV and a combination dose of Daptomycin for Injection 6 mg/kg IV and aztreonam 1 g IV, administered over a 30-minute period, the Cmax and AUC0-∞ of daptomycin were not significantly altered by aztreonam.

Tobramycin

In a study in which 6 healthy adult males received a single dose of Daptomycin for Injection 2 mg/kg IV, tobramycin 1 mg/kg IV, and both in combination, administered over a 30-minute period, the mean Cmax and AUC0-∞ of daptomycin were 12.7% and 8.7% higher, respectively, when Daptomycin for Injection was coadministered with tobramycin. The mean Cmax and AUC0-∞ of tobramycin were 10.7% and 6.6% lower, respectively, when tobramycin was coadministered with Daptomycin for Injection. These differences were not statistically significant. The interaction between daptomycin and tobramycin with a clinical dose of Daptomycin for Injection is unknown.

Warfarin

In 16 healthy adult subjects, administration of Daptomycin for Injection 6 mg/kg q24h by IV infusion over a 30-minute period for 5 days, with coadministration of a single oral dose of warfarin (25 mg) on the 5th day, had no significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of either drug and did not significantly alter the INR (International Normalized Ratio).

Simvastatin

In 20 healthy adult subjects on a stable daily dose of simvastatin 40 mg, administration of Daptomycin for Injection 4 mg/kg q24h by IV infusion over a 30-minute period for 14 days (N=10) had no effect on plasma trough concentrations of simvastatin and was not associated with a higher incidence of adverse events, including skeletal myopathy, than in subjects receiving placebo once daily (N=10) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) and Drug Interactions (7.1)].

 

 

 

Probenecid

Concomitant administration of probenecid (500 mg 4 times daily) and a single dose of Daptomycin for Injection 4 mg/kg by IV infusion over a 30-minute period in adults did not significantly alter the Cmax or AUC0-∞ of daptomycin.

Daptomycin belongs to the cyclic lipopeptide class of antibacterials. Daptomycin has clinical utility in the treatment of infections caused by aerobic, Gram-positive bacteria. The in vitro spectrum of activity of daptomycin encompasses most clinically relevant Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria.

Daptomycin exhibits rapid, concentration-dependent bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria in vitro. This has been demonstrated both by time-kill curves and by MBC/MIC (minimum bactericidal concentration/minimum inhibitory concentration) ratios using broth dilution methodology. Daptomycin maintained bactericidal activity in vitro against stationary phase S. aureus in simulated endocardial vegetations. The clinical significance of this is not known.

Mechanism of Action

Daptomycin binds to bacterial cell membranes and causes a rapid depolarization of membrane potential. This loss of membrane potential causes inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, which results in bacterial cell death.

Resistance

The mechanism(s) of daptomycin resistance is not fully understood. Currently, there are no known transferable elements that confer resistance to daptomycin.

Interactions with Other Antibacterials

In vitro studies have investigated daptomycin interactions with other antibacterials. Antagonism, as determined by kill curve studies, has not been observed. In vitro synergistic interactions of daptomycin with aminoglycosides, β-lactam antibacterials, and rifampin have been shown against some isolates of staphylococci (including some methicillin-resistant isolates) and enterococci (including some vancomycin-resistant isolates).

Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infection (cSSSI) Trials in Adults

The emergence of daptomycin non-susceptible isolates occurred in 2 infected patients across the set of Phase 2 and pivotal Phase 3 clinical trials of cSSSI in adult patients. In one case, a non-susceptible S. aureus was isolated from a patient in a Phase 2 trial who received Daptomycin for Injection at less than the protocol-specified dose for the initial 5 days of therapy. In the second case, a non-susceptible Enterococcus faecalis was isolated from a patient with an infected chronic decubitus ulcer who was enrolled in a salvage trial.

S. aureus Bacteremia/Endocarditis and Other Post-Approval Trials in Adults

In subsequent clinical trials in adult patients, non-susceptible isolates were recovered. S. aureus was isolated from a patient in a compassionate-use trial and from 7 patients in the S. aureusbacteremia/endocarditis trial [see Clinical Trials (14.2)]. An E. faecium was isolated from a patient in a vancomycin-resistant enterococci trial.

Antimicrobial Activity

Daptomycin has been shown to be active against most isolates of the following microorganisms both in vitro and in clinical infections [see Indications and Usage (1)].

Gram-Positive Bacteria

Enterococcus faecalis (vancomycin-susceptible isolates only)
Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant isolates)
Streptococcus agalactiae
Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis
Streptococcus pyogenes

The following in vitro data are available, but their clinical significance is unknown. At least 90% of the following bacteria exhibit an in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) less than or equal to the susceptible breakpoint for daptomycin against isolates of genus or organism group. However, the efficacy of daptomycin in treating clinical infections due to these bacteria has not been established in adequate and well-controlled clinical trials.

Gram-Positive Bacteria

Corynebacterium jeikeium
Enterococcus faecalis (vancomycin-resistant isolates)
Enterococcus faecium (including vancomycin-resistant isolates)
Staphylococcus epidermidis (including methicillin-resistant isolates)
Staphylococcus haemolyticus

Susceptibility Test Methods

When available, the clinical microbiology laboratory should provide cumulative reports of in vitrosusceptibility test results for antimicrobial drugs used in local hospitals and practice areas as periodic reports that describe the susceptibility profile of nosocomial and community-acquired pathogens. These reports should aid in the selection of an appropriate antibacterial drug for treatment.

 

 

 

 

Dilution Techniques

Quantitative methods are used to determine antimicrobial MICs. These MICs provide estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The MICs should be determined using a standardized broth test method5,6 with the broth adjusted to a calcium content of 50 mg/L. The use of the agar dilution method is not recommended with daptomycin3. The MICs should be interpreted according to criteria provided in Table 12.

Diffusion Techniques

Quantitative methods that require measurement of zone diameters have not been shown to provide reproducible estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to daptomycin. The use of the disk diffusion method is not recommended with daptomycin6,7.

Table 12: Susceptibility Interpretive Criteria for Daptomycin
Note: S, Susceptible; I, Intermediate; R, Resistant.
* The MIC interpretive criteria for S. aureus and E. faecalis are applicable only to tests performed by broth dilution using Mueller-Hinton broth adjusted to a calcium content of 50 mg/L; the MIC interpretive criteria for Streptococcus spp. other than S. pneumoniae are applicable only to tests performed by broth dilution using Mueller-Hinton broth adjusted to a calcium content of 50 mg/L, supplemented with 2 to 5% lysed horse blood, inoculated with a direct colony suspension and incubated in ambient air at 35°C for 20 to 24 hours. † The current absence of data on daptomycin-resistant isolates precludes defining any categories other than "Susceptible." Isolates yielding test results suggestive of a "Non-Susceptible" category should be retested, and if the result is confirmed, the isolate should be submitted to a reference laboratory for further testing.
Pathogen	Broth Dilution MIC* (mcg/mL)
	S	I	R
Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant)	≤1	(†)	(†)
Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis	≤1	(†)	(†)
Enterococcus faecalis (vancomycin-susceptible only)	≤4	(†)	(†)

A report of Susceptible (S) indicates that the antimicrobial drug is likely to inhibit the growth of the pathogen if the antimicrobial drug reaches the concentration usually achievable at the site of infection.

Quality Control

Standardized susceptibility test procedures require the use of laboratory controls to monitor and ensure the accuracy and precision of supplies and reagents used in the assay, and the techniques of the individuals performing the test5,6. Standard daptomycin powder should provide the ranges of MIC values noted in Table 13. 

Table 13: Acceptable Quality Control Ranges for Daptomycin to Be Used in Validation of Susceptibility Test Results
* The quality control ranges for S. aureus and E. faecalis are applicable only to tests performed by broth dilution using Mueller-Hinton broth adjusted to a calcium content of 50 mg/L; the quality control range for Streptococcus pneumoniae is applicable only to tests performed by broth dilution using Mueller-Hinton broth adjusted to a calcium content of 50 mg/L, supplemented with 2 to 5% lysed horse blood, inoculated with a direct colony suspension and incubated in ambient air at 35°C for 20 to 24 hours. † This strain may be used for validation of susceptibility test results when testing Streptococcus spp. other than S. pneumoniae.
Quality Control Strain	Broth Dilution MIC Range* (mcg/mL)
Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212	1–4
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213	0.12–1
Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 49619†	0.06–0.5

Long-term carcinogenicity studies in animals have not been conducted to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of Daptomycin for Injection. However, neither mutagenic nor clastogenic potential was found in a battery of genotoxicity tests, including the Ames assay, a mammalian cell gene mutation assay, a test for chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells, an in vivo micronucleus assay, an in vitro DNA repair assay, and an in vivo sister chromatid exchange assay in Chinese hamsters.

Daptomycin did not affect the fertility or reproductive performance of male and female rats when administered intravenously at doses of 25, 75, or 150 mg/kg/day, which is approximately up to 9 times the estimated human exposure level based upon AUCs (or approximately up to 4 times the recommended human dose of 6 mg/kg based on body surface area comparison).

 

 

Adult Animals

In animals, daptomycin administration has been associated with effects on skeletal muscle. However, there were no changes in cardiac or smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle effects were characterized by microscopic degenerative/regenerative changes and variable elevations in creatine phosphokinase (CPK). No fibrosis or rhabdomyolysis was evident in repeat-dose studies up to the highest doses tested in rats (150 mg/kg/day) and dogs (100 mg/kg/day). The degree of skeletal myopathy showed no increase when treatment was extended from 1 month to up to 6 months. Severity was dose-dependent. All muscle effects, including microscopic changes, were fully reversible within 30 days following the cessation of dosing.

In adult animals, effects on peripheral nerve (characterized by axonal degeneration and frequently accompanied by significant losses of patellar reflex, gag reflex, and pain perception) were observed at daptomycin doses higher than those associated with skeletal myopathy. Deficits in the dogs' patellar reflexes were seen within 2 weeks after the start of treatment at 40 mg/kg/day (9 times the human Cmaxat the 6 mg/kg/day dose), with some clinical improvement noted within 2 weeks after the cessation of dosing. However, at 75 mg/kg/day for 1 month, 7 of 8 dogs failed to regain full patellar reflex responses within a 3-month recovery period. In a separate study in dogs receiving doses of 75 and 100 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks, minimal residual histological changes were noted at 6 months after the cessation of dosing. However, recovery of peripheral nerve function was evident.

Tissue distribution studies in rats showed that daptomycin is retained in the kidney but appears to penetrate the blood-brain barrier only minimally following single and multiple doses.

Juvenile Animals

Target organs of daptomycin-related effects in 7-week-old juvenile dogs were skeletal muscle and nerve, the same target organs as in adult dogs. In juvenile dogs, nerve effects were noted at lower daptomycin blood concentrations than in adult dogs following 28 days of dosing. In contrast to adult dogs, juvenile dogs also showed evidence of effects in nerves of the spinal cord as well as peripheral nerves after 28 days of dosing. No nerve effects were noted in juvenile dogs following 14 days of dosing at doses up to 75 mg/kg/day.

Administration of daptomycin to 7-week-old juvenile dogs for 28 days at doses of 50 mg/kg/day produced minimal degenerative effects on the peripheral nerve and spinal cord in several animals, with no corresponding clinical signs. A dose of 150 mg/kg/day for 28 days produced minimal degeneration in the peripheral nerve and spinal cord as well as minimal to mild degeneration of the skeletal muscle in a majority of animals, accompanied by slight to severe muscle weakness evident in most dogs. Following a 28-day recovery phase, microscopic examination revealed recovery of the skeletal muscle and the ulnar nerve effects, but nerve degeneration in the sciatic nerve and spinal cord was still observed in all 150 mg/kg/day dogs.

Following once-daily administration of daptomycin to juvenile dogs for 28 days, microscopic effects in nerve tissue were noted at a Cmax value of 417 mcg/mL, which is approximately 3-fold less than the Cmax value associated with nerve effects in adult dogs treated once daily with daptomycin for 28 days (1308 mcg/mL).

Neonatal Animals

Neonatal dogs (4 to 31 days old) were more sensitive to daptomycin-related adverse nervous system and/or muscular system effects than either juvenile or adult dogs. In neonatal dogs, adverse nervous system and/or muscular system effects were associated with a Cmax value approximately 3-fold less than the Cmax in juvenile dogs, and 9-fold less than the Cmax in adult dogs following 28 days of dosing. At a dose of 25 mg/kg/day with associated Cmax and AUCinf values of 147 mcg/mL and 717 mcg•h/mL, respectively (1.6 and 1.0-fold the adult human Cmax and AUC, respectively, at the 6 mg/kg/day dose), mild clinical signs of twitching and one incidence of muscle rigidity were observed with no corresponding effect on body weight. These effects were found to be reversible within 28 days after treatment had stopped.

At higher dose levels of 50 and 75 mg/kg/day with associated Cmax and AUCinf values of ≥321 mcg/mL and ≥1470 mcg•h/mL, respectively, marked clinical signs of twitching, muscle rigidity in the limbs, and impaired use of limbs were observed. Resulting decreases in body weights and overall body condition at doses ≥50 mg/kg/day necessitated early discontinuation by PND19.

Histopathological assessment did not reveal any daptomycin-related changes in the peripheral and central nervous system tissue, as well as in the skeletal muscle or other tissues assessed, at any dose level.

No adverse effects were observed in the dogs that received daptomycin at 10 mg/kg/day, the NOAEL, with associated Cmax and AUCinf values of 62 mcg/mL and 247 mcg•h/mL, respectively (or 0.6 and 0.4-fold the adult human Cmax and AUC, respectively at the 6 mg/kg dose).

Adults

Adult patients with clinically documented complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSI) (Table 14) were enrolled in two randomized, multinational, multicenter, investigator-blinded trials comparing Daptomycin for Injection (4 mg/kg IV q24h) with either vancomycin (1 g IV q12h) or an anti-staphylococcal semi-synthetic penicillin (i.e., nafcillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, or flucloxacillin; 4 to 12 g IV per day). Patients could switch to oral therapy after a minimum of 4 days of IV treatment if clinical improvement was demonstrated. Patients known to have bacteremia at baseline were excluded. Patients with creatinine clearance (CLCR) between 30 and 70 mL/min were to receive a lower dose of Daptomycin for Injection as specified in the protocol; however, the majority of patients in this subpopulation did not have the dose of Daptomycin for Injection adjusted. 

 

 

 

Table 14: Investigator's Primary Diagnosis in the cSSSI Trials in Adult Patients (Population: ITT)
* Comparator: vancomycin (1 g IV q12h) or an anti-staphylococcal semi-synthetic penicillin (i.e., nafcillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, or flucloxacillin; 4 to 12 g/day IV in divided doses). † The majority of cases were subsequently categorized as complicated cellulitis, major abscesses, or traumatic wound infections.
Primary Diagnosis	Adult Patients (Daptomycin for Injection / Comparator*)
	Study 9801 N=264 / N=266	Study 9901 N=270 / N=292	Pooled N=534 / N=558
Wound Infection	99 (38%) / 116 (44%)	102 (38%) / 108 (37%)	201 (38%) / 224 (40%)
Major Abscess	55 (21%) / 43 (16%)	59 (22%) / 65 (22%)	114 (21%) / 108 (19%)
Ulcer Infection	71 (27%) / 75 (28%)	53 (20%) / 68 (23%)	124 (23%) / 143 (26%)
Other Infection†	39 (15%) / 32 (12%)	56 (21%) / 51 (18%)	95 (18%) / 83 (15%)

One trial was conducted primarily in the United States and South Africa (study 9801), and the second was conducted at non-US sites only (study 9901). The two trials were similar in design but differed in patient characteristics, including history of diabetes and peripheral vascular disease. There were a total of 534 adult patients treated with Daptomycin for Injection and 558 treated with comparator in the two trials. The majority (89.7%) of patients received IV medication exclusively.

The efficacy endpoints in both trials were the clinical success rates in the intent-to-treat (ITT) population and in the clinically evaluable (CE) population. In study 9801, clinical success rates in the ITT population were 62.5% (165/264) in patients treated with Daptomycin for Injection and 60.9% (162/266) in patients treated with comparator drugs. Clinical success rates in the CE population were 76.0% (158/208) in patients treated with Daptomycin for Injection and 76.7% (158/206) in patients treated with comparator drugs. In study 9901, clinical success rates in the ITT population were 80.4% (217/270) in patients treated with Daptomycin for Injection and 80.5% (235/292) in patients treated with comparator drugs. Clinical success rates in the CE population were 89.9% (214/238) in patients treated with Daptomycin for Injection and 90.4% (226/250) in patients treated with comparator drugs.

The success rates by pathogen for microbiologically evaluable patients are presented in Table 15.

Table 15: Clinical Success Rates by Infecting Pathogen in the cSSSI Trials in Adult Patients (Population: Microbiologically Evaluable)
* Comparator: vancomycin (1 g IV q12h) or an anti-staphylococcal semi-synthetic penicillin (i.e., nafcillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, or flucloxacillin; 4 to 12 g/day IV in divided doses). † As determined by the central laboratory.
Pathogen	Success Rate n/N (%)
	Daptomycin for Injection	Comparator*
Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)†	170/198 (86%)	180/207 (87%)
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)†	21/28 (75%)	25/36 (69%)
Streptococcus pyogenes	79/84 (94%)	80/88 (91%)
Streptococcus agalactiae	23/27 (85%)	22/29 (76%)
Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis	8/8 (100%)	9/11 (82%)
Enterococcus faecalis (vancomycin-susceptible only)	27/37 (73%)	40/53 (76%)

Pediatric use information is approved for Merck & Co., Inc.'s Cubicin (daptomycin for injection). However, due to Merck & Co., Inc.'s marketing exclusivity rights, this drug product is not labeled with that pediatric information.

Adults

The efficacy of Daptomycin for Injection in the treatment of adult patients with S. aureus bacteremia was demonstrated in a randomized, controlled, multinational, multicenter, open-label trial. In this trial, adult patients with at least one positive blood culture for S. aureus obtained within 2 calendar days prior to the first dose of study drug and irrespective of source were enrolled and randomized to either Daptomycin for Injection (6 mg/kg IV q24h) or standard of care [an anti-staphylococcal semi-synthetic penicillin 2 g IV q4h (nafcillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, or flucloxacillin) or vancomycin 1 g IV q12h, each with initial gentamicin 1 mg/kg IV every 8 hours for first 4 days]. Of the patients in the comparator group, 93% received initial gentamicin for a median of 4 days, compared with 1 patient (<1%) in the Daptomycin for Injection group. Patients with prosthetic heart valves, intravascular foreign material that was not planned for removal within 4 days after the first dose of study medication, severe neutropenia, known osteomyelitis, polymicrobial bloodstream infections, creatinine clearance <30 mL/min, and pneumonia were excluded.

Upon entry, patients were classified for likelihood of endocarditis using the modified Duke criteria (Possible, Definite, or Not Endocarditis). Echocardiography, including a transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE), was performed within 5 days following study enrollment. The choice of comparator agent was based on the oxacillin susceptibility of the S. aureus isolate. The duration of study treatment was based on the investigator's clinical diagnosis. Final diagnoses and outcome assessments at Test of Cure (6 weeks after the last treatment dose) were made by a treatment-blinded Adjudication Committee, using protocol-specified clinical definitions and a composite primary efficacy endpoint (clinical and microbiological success) at the Test of Cure visit

 

 

 

A total of 246 patients ≥18 years of age (124 Daptomycin for Injection, 122 comparator) with S. aureusbacteremia were randomized from 48 centers in the US and Europe. In the ITT population, 120 patients received Daptomycin for Injection and 115 received comparator (62 received an anti-staphylococcal semi-synthetic penicillin and 53 received vancomycin). Thirty-five patients treated with an anti-staphylococcal semi-synthetic penicillin received vancomycin initially for 1 to 3 days, pending final susceptibility results for the S. aureus isolates. The median age among the 235 patients in the ITT population was 53 years (range: 21 to 91 years); 30/120 (25%) in the Daptomycin for Injection group and 37/115 (32%) in the comparator group were ≥65 years of age. Of the 235 ITT patients, there were 141 (60%) males and 156 (66%) Caucasians across the two treatment groups. In addition, 176 (75%) of the ITT population had systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) at baseline and 85 (36%) had surgical procedures within 30 days prior to onset of the S. aureus bacteremia. Eighty-nine patients (38%) had bacteremia caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Entry diagnosis was based on the modified Duke criteria and comprised 37 (16%) Definite, 144 (61%) Possible, and 54 (23%) Not Endocarditis. Of the 37 patients with an entry diagnosis of Definite Endocarditis, all (100%) had a final diagnosis of infective endocarditis, and of the 144 patients with an entry diagnosis of Possible Endocarditis, 15 (10%) had a final diagnosis of infective endocarditis as assessed by the Adjudication Committee. Of the 54 patients with an entry diagnosis of Not Endocarditis, 1 (2%) had a final diagnosis of infective endocarditis as assessed by the Adjudication Committee.

In the ITT population, there were 182 patients with bacteremia and 53 patients with infective endocarditis as assessed by the Adjudication Committee, including 35 with right-sided endocarditis and 18 with left-sided endocarditis. The 182 patients with bacteremia comprised 121 with complicated S. aureus bacteremia and 61 with uncomplicated S. aureus bacteremia.

Complicated bacteremia was defined as S. aureus isolated from blood cultures obtained on at least 2 different calendar days, and/or metastatic foci of infection (deep tissue involvement), and classification of the patient as not having endocarditis according to the modified Duke criteria. Uncomplicated bacteremia was defined as S. aureus isolated from blood culture(s) obtained on a single calendar day, no metastatic foci of infection, no infection of prosthetic material, and classification of the patient as not having endocarditis according to the modified Duke criteria. The definition of right-sided infective endocarditis (RIE) used in the clinical trial was Definite or Possible Endocarditis according to the modified Duke criteria and no echocardiographic evidence of predisposing pathology or active involvement of either the mitral or aortic valve. Complicated RIE comprised patients who were not intravenous drug users, had a positive blood culture for MRSA, serum creatinine ≥2.5 mg/dL, or evidence of extrapulmonary sites of infection. Patients who were intravenous drug users, had a positive blood culture for methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), had serum creatinine <2.5 mg/dL, and were without evidence of extrapulmonary sites of infection were considered to have uncomplicated RIE.

The coprimary efficacy endpoints in the trial were the Adjudication Committee success rates at the Test of Cure visit (6 weeks after the last treatment dose) in the ITT and Per Protocol (PP) populations. The overall Adjudication Committee success rates in the ITT population were 44.2% (53/120) in patients treated with Daptomycin for Injection and 41.7% (48/115) in patients treated with comparator (difference = 2.4% [95% CI −10.2, 15.1]). The success rates in the PP population were 54.4% (43/79) in patients treated with Daptomycin for Injection and 53.3% (32/60) in patients treated with comparator (difference = 1.1% [95% CI −15.6, 17.8]).

Adjudication Committee success rates are shown in Table 16. 

Table 16: Adjudication Committee Success Rates at Test of Cure in the S. aureus Bacteremia/Endocarditis Trial in Adult Patients (Population: ITT)
* Comparator: vancomycin (1 g IV q12h) or an anti-staphylococcal semi-synthetic penicillin (i.e., nafcillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, or flucloxacillin; 2 g IV q4h), each with initial low-dose gentamicin. † 95% Confidence Interval ‡ 97.5% Confidence Interval (adjusted for multiplicity) § According to the modified Duke criteria8 ¶ 99% Confidence Interval (adjusted for multiplicity)
Population	Success Rate n/N (%)		Difference: Daptomycin for Injection − Comparator (Confidence Interval)
	Daptomycin for Injection 6 mg/kg	Comparator*
Overall	53/120 (44%)	48/115 (42%)	2.4% (−10.2, 15.1)†
Baseline Pathogen     Methicillin-susceptible S. aureus     Methicillin-resistant S. aureus	33/74 (45%) 20/45 (44%)	34/70 (49%) 14/44 (32%)	−4.0% (−22.6, 14.6)‡ 12.6% (−10.2, 35.5)‡
Entry Diagnosis§     Definite or Possible Infective     Endocarditis     Not Infective Endocarditis	41/90 (46%) 12/30 (40%)	37/91 (41%) 11/24 (46%)	4.9% (−11.6, 21.4)‡ −5.8% (−36.2, 24.5)‡
Final Diagnosis     Uncomplicated Bacteremia     Complicated Bacteremia	18/32 (56%) 26/60 (43%)	16/29 (55%) 23/61 (38%)	1.1% (−31.7, 33.9)¶ 5.6% (−17.3, 28.6)¶
Right-Sided Infective Endocarditis	8/19 (42%)	7/16 (44%)	−1.6% (−44.9, 41.6)¶
Uncomplicated Right-Sided         Infective Endocarditis	3/6 (50%)	1/4 (25%)	25.0% (−51.6, 100.0)¶
Complicated Right-Sided         Infective Endocarditis	5/13 (39%)	6/12 (50%)	−11.5% (−62.4, 39.4)¶
Left-Sided Infective Endocarditis	1/9 (11%)	2/9 (22%)	−11.1% (−55.9, 33.6)¶

 

 

 

 

 

Eighteen (18/120) patients in the Daptomycin for Injection arm and 19/116 patients in the comparator arm died during the trial. These comprise 3/28 Daptomycin for Injection-treated patients and 8/26 comparator-treated patients with endocarditis, as well as 15/92 Daptomycin for Injection-treated patients and 11/90 comparator-treated patients with bacteremia. Among patients with persisting or relapsing S. aureus infections, 8/19 Daptomycin for Injection-treated patients and 7/11 comparator-treated patients died.

Overall, there was no difference in time to clearance of S. aureus bacteremia between Daptomycin for Injection and comparator. The median time to clearance in patients with MSSA was 4 days and in patients with MRSA was 8 days.

Failure of treatment due to persisting or relapsing S. aureus infections was assessed by the Adjudication Committee in 19/120 (16%) Daptomycin for Injection-treated patients (12 with MRSA and 7 with MSSA) and 11/115 (10%) comparator-treated patients (9 with MRSA treated with vancomycin and 2 with MSSA treated with an anti-staphylococcal semi-synthetic penicillin). Among all failures, isolates from 6 Daptomycin for Injection-treated patients and 1 vancomycin-treated patient developed increasing MICs (reduced susceptibility) by central laboratory testing during or following therapy. Most patients who failed due to persisting or relapsing S. aureus infection had deep-seated infection and did not receive necessary surgical intervention [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)].

1.

Liu SL, Howard LC, Van Lier RBL, Markham JK: Teratology studies with daptomycin administered intravenously (iv) to rats and rabbits. Teratology 37(5):475, 1988.

2.

Stroup JS, Wagner J, Badzinski T: Use of daptomycin in a pregnant patient with Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. Ann Pharmacother 44(4):746–749, 2010.

3.

Buitrago MI, Crompton JA, Bertolami S, North DS, Nathan RA. Extremely low excretion of daptomycin into breast milk of a nursing mother with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureuspelvic inflammatory disease. Pharmacotherapy 2009;29(3):347–351.

4.

Klibanov OM, Vickery S, Nortey C: Successful treatment of infective panniculitis with daptomycin in a pregnant, morbidly obese patient. Ann Pharmacother 48(5):652-655, 2014.

5.

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria that Grow Aerobically; Approved Standard— Tenth Edition. CLSI document M07-A10, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 950 West Valley Road, Suite 2500, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087, USA, 2015.

6.

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Twenty-seventh Informational Supplement. CLSI document M100-S27, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 950 West Valley Road, Suite 2500, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087, USA. 2017.

7.

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Tests; Approved Standard—Twelfth Edition. CLSI document M02-A12; Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 950 West Valley Road, Suite 2500, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087, USA, 2015.

8.

Li JS, Sexton DJ, Mick N, Nettles R, Fowler VG Jr, Ryan T, Bashore T, Corey GR. Proposed modifications to the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:633–638.

Daptomycin for Injection is supplied as a sterile pale yellow to light brown lyophilized cake or powder in a single-dose 10 mL vial containing 500 mg of daptomycin: Package of 1 (NDC 0409-0106-01)

Store original packages at refrigerated temperatures, 2 to 8°C (36 to 46°F); avoid excessive heat [see Dosage and Administration (2.5)].

Advise patients that allergic reactions, including serious allergic reactions, could occur and that serious reactions require immediate treatment. Patients should report any previous allergic reactions to daptomycin [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

Advise patients to report muscle pain or weakness, especially in the forearms and lower legs, as well as tingling or numbness [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2, 5.4)].

Advise patients to report any symptoms of cough, breathlessness, or fever [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].

Advise patients that diarrhea is a common problem caused by antibacterials that usually ends when the antibacterial is discontinued. Sometimes after starting treatment with antibacterials, patients can develop watery and bloody stools (with or without stomach cramps and fever), even as late as 2 or more months after having received the last dose of the antibacterial. If this occurs, patients should contact their physician as soon as possible [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)].

Counsel patients that antibacterial drugs, including Daptomycin for Injection, should be used to treat bacterial infections. They do not treat viral infections (e.g., the common cold). When Daptomycin for Injection is prescribed to treat a bacterial infection, patients should be told that although it is common to feel better early in the course of therapy, the medication should be administered exactly as directed. Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may (1) decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment and (2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by Daptomycin for Injection or other antibacterial drugs in the future.

 

 

 

 

Hospira, Inc., Lake Forest, IL 60045 USA                                                                                          

LAB-0832-4.0

 

 

NDC 0409-0106-01

Daptomycin

for Injection

500 mg per vial

Must be refrigerated For Intravenous Infusion
Single dose vial - Discard Unused Portion

NDC 0409-0106-01

Rx only

Daptomycin

for Injection

500 mg per vial

Must be refrigerated
For Intravenous Infusion
Use 0.9% Sodium Chloride
Injection, USP for
reconstitution only.
Single-dose vial -
Discard unused portion

Hospira

DAPTOMYCIN Daptomycin Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution

Product Information Product Type HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL Item Code (Source) NDC:0409-0106 Route of Administration INTRAVENOUS DEA Schedule

Active Ingredient/Active Moiety Ingredient Name Basis of Strength Strength DAPTOMYCIN (DAPTOMYCIN) DAPTOMYCIN 500 mg  in 10 mL

Inactive Ingredients Ingredient Name Strength SODIUM HYDROXIDE

Packaging # Item Code Package Description   1 NDC:0409-0106-01 1 VIAL, SINGLE-DOSE in 1 CARTON   1   10 mL in 1 VIAL, SINGLE-DOSE

Marketing Information Marketing Category Application Number or Monograph Citation Marketing Start Date Marketing End Date ANDA ANDA202857 01/04/2017

Labeler - Hospira, Inc. (141588017)

Establishment
Name	Address	ID/FEI	Operations
Hospira, Inc.		030606222	ANALYSIS(0409-0106), MANUFACTURE(0409-0106)

Revised: 09/2017

 

Hospira, Inc.