部分中文处方资料仅供参考

作用机制

艾曲波帕是一种口服生物可利用的，小分子的TPO受体激动剂，其与人TPO受体的跨膜结构域相互作用，并启动信号级联诱导细胞增殖和分化的骨髓祖细胞。

适应症和用法

PROMACTA是用于治疗所表示的血小板生成素受体激动剂：

血小板减少症在成人和儿童患者6年以上有慢性免疫（特发性）血小板减少症（ITP）谁曾不充分响应糖皮质激素，免疫球蛋白，或脾切除术。 

血小板减少症患者的慢性丙型肝炎，以允许干扰素为基础的治疗的起始和维持。 

例重症再生障碍性贫血谁曾不充分反应免疫抑制治疗。

使用限制：

PROMACTA应仅用于ITP患者的血小板减少症的程度和临床病症增加出血风险。

PROMACTA应仅用于治疗慢性丙型肝炎的血小板减少症的程度防止干扰素为基础的治疗开始或限制，以保持干扰素为基础的治疗的能力。

安全性和有效性尚未确定结合使用而不干扰素治疗的慢性丙型肝炎感染的直接作用的抗病毒剂。 

用法用量

以空腹（前1小时或2餐后小时）。

慢性ITP：每天大部分的成人和儿童患者6岁的年龄较大的一次启动PROMACTA在50毫克。减少患者的肝功能损害和/或东亚血统的患者初始剂量。调整以维持血小板计数大于或等于50×109/L。不要超过每日75毫克。 

慢性丙型肝炎相关性血小板减少症：每天对所有患者一旦启动PROMACTA在25毫克。调整来实现启动抗病毒治疗所需的目标血小板计数。不超过每日剂量100毫克。 

重型再生障碍性贫血：每天对大多数患者一旦启动PROMACTA在50毫克。减少患者的肝功能损害或东亚血统的患者初始剂量。调整以维持血小板计数大于50×10 9 /L。不要超过每天150毫克。

肝损伤：减少患者withchronic ITP和肝功能损害的初始剂量。 

剂型和规格

片剂：12.5mg，25mg，50mg，75mg和100mg。

禁忌

无。 

警告和注意事项

肝毒性：之前和治疗期间监测肝功能。 

血栓/血栓栓塞性并发症：门静脉血栓形成有报道在慢性肝病患者接受PROMACTA。定期监测血小板计数。 

不良反应

在成年ITP患者中，最常见的不良反应（大于或等于5％和大于安慰剂）分别为：恶心，腹泻，上呼吸道感染，呕吐，ALT升高，肌肉痛，和泌尿道感染。 

在儿科患者年龄6岁及以上的ITP，最常见的不良反应（大于或等于10％和高于安慰剂）是上呼吸道感染，鼻咽炎，和鼻炎。 

在慢性丙型肝炎相关的血小板减少症中，最常见的不良反应（比安慰剂大于或等于10％和更高）分别为：贫血，发热，疲劳，头痛，恶心，腹泻，食欲降低，流感样疾病，乏力，失眠，咳嗽，皮肤瘙痒，寒战，肌肉痛，脱发和外周水肿。 （

重症患者再生障碍性贫血，最常见的不良反应（大于或等于20％）为：恶心，疲劳，咳嗽，腹泻，和头痛。 

药物相互作用

PROMACTA不能在4个小时的任何药物或含有多价阳离子如抗酸剂，钙丰富的食物，和矿物质补充剂产品内拍摄。

特殊人群中使用

?妊娠：根据动物实验数据，PROMACTA可能对胎儿造成伤害。

?哺乳母亲：应做出决定停止PROMACTA或哺乳，考虑到PROMACTA的重视母亲。

储存

在储存在20°C至25°C（68°F至77°F）的室温;允许15°C至30°C（59°F至86°F），游览[见USP控制室温。如果存在的话，不要取出干燥剂。

Revolade

Active Substance: eltrombopag olamine 
Common Name: eltrombopag 
ATC Code: B02BX05
Marketing Authorisation Holder: Novartis Europharm Limited
Active Substance: eltrombopag olamine 
Status: Authorised
Authorisation Date: 2010-03-11
Therapeutic Area: Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic
Pharmacotherapeutic Group: Antihaemorrhagics

Therapeutic Indication

Revolade is indicated for chronic immune (idiopathic) thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) patients aged 1 year and above who are refractory to other treatments (e.g. corticosteroids, immunoglobulins) (see sections 4.2 and 5.1).

Revolade is indicated in adult patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection for the treatment of thrombocytopenia, where the degree of thrombocytopenia is the main factor preventing the initiation or limiting the ability to maintain optimal interferon-based therapy (see sections 4.4 and 5.1).

Revolade is indicated in adult patients with acquired severe aplastic anaemia (SAA) who were either refractory to prior immunosuppressive therapy or heavily pretreated and are unsuitable for haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (see section 5.1).

What is Revolade and what is it used for?

Revolade is a medicine that is used for the treatment of:

· long-term immune (idiopathic) thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), a disease in which the patient’s immune system destroys the platelets (components in the blood that help it to clot). Patients with ITP have low platelet counts in the blood (thrombocytopenia) and are at risk of bleeding. Revolade is used in patients aged 1 year and above who do not respond to treatment with medicines such as corticosteroids or immunoglobulins;

· thrombocytopenia in adult patients with chronic (long-term) hepatitis C, a disease of the liver caused by infection with the hepatitis C virus, when the severity of thrombocytopenia is preventing antiviral therapy;

· acquired severe aplastic anaemia (a disease in which the bone marrow does not make enough blood cells or platelets) in adult patients. Revolade is used in patients who did not respond to or had received multiple courses of immunosuppressive therapy (medicines that lower the body’s immune defences) and cannot receive haematopoietic (blood) stem cell transplantation.

Revolade contains the active substance eltrombopag.

How is Revolade used?

Revolade is available as tablets (12.5, 25, 50 and 75 mg) and as a powder (25 mg) to prepare a suspension (a liquid to be taken by mouth). The medicine can only be obtained with a prescription and treatment should be started and supervised by a doctor who has experience in treating blood diseases or chronic hepatitis C and its complications.

The dose depends on the patient’s age and the disease Revolade is being used to treat; it is adjusted as needed to maintain the appropriate platelet level. For ITP and aplastic anaemia, a lower starting dose may be needed in patients of East Asian descent (such as Chinese, Japanese, Korean or Taiwanese).

Patients should not take any antacids, dairy products or mineral supplements in the four hours before and in the two hours after taking Revolade. For more information, see the package leaflet.

How does Revolade work?

In the body, a hormone called ‘thrombopoietin’ stimulates the production of platelets by attaching to certain targets in the bone marrow. The active substance in Revolade, eltrombopag, attaches to and stimulates the same receptors as thrombopoietin. This leads to an increased production of platelets, improving platelet counts.

What benefits of Revolade have been shown in studies?

For the treatment of chronic ITP in adults, Revolade was compared with placebo (a dummy treatment) in two main studies involving a total of 311 patients who had previously been treated, but the treatments had not worked or the disease had come back.

Revolade was shown to be more effective than placebo: in the first study, 59% of the patients who took Revolade (43 out of 73) achieved a platelet count of at least 50,000 per microlitre (a platelet level considered adequate to prevent the risk of bleeding complications) after six weeks (the main measure of effectiveness), compared with 16% of those who took placebo (6 out of 37). In the second study, patients taking Revolade were around eight times more likely than those taking placebo to reach the target platelet count of between 50,000 and 400,000 per microlitre during the six months of treatment.

In children with chronic ITP, Revolade was shown to be more effective than placebo in one main study involving a total of 92 children between 1 and 17 years of age who had previously received treatment for ITP. This study lasted 13 weeks and looked at the proportion of patients whose platelet count had increased to at least 50,000 per microlitre for at least 6 out of 8 weeks, between week 5 to 12 of the study in the absence of rescue medication. This occurred in around 40% of those taking Revolade (25 out of 63) compared with around 3% (1 out of 29) of those who took placebo. The study had also an extension phase, in which all patients received Revolade. This showed that Revolade was also effective at maintaining adequate levels of platelets in the long term.

For the treatment of thrombocytopenia associated with hepatitis C, two main studies involving a total of 1,441 adults were carried out. These compared Revolade with placebo for allowing the starting and maintenance of antiviral treatment in patients with hepatitis C whose platelet count was initially too low to allow starting such treatment (less than 75,000 per microlitre). In both studies, the main measure of effectiveness was the number of patients whose blood tests did not show any sign of hepatitis C virus 6 months after the end of treatment.

In these two studies, a higher proportion of patients who took Revolade tested negative for hepatitis C, compared with those who took placebo (23% versus 14% in the first study, and 19% versus 13% in the second study).

For the treatment of severe aplastic anaemia, Revolade was studied in 43 patients and it was not compared with any other medicine. The main measure of effectiveness was the number of patients who responded to Revolade (whose platelet, red or white blood cell count remained above pre-set levels) after 12 or 16 weeks of treatment.

In this study, 40% of patients (17 out of 43) responded to treatment after 12 weeks, and 65% of responders (11 out of 17) either had a platelet count increase of at least 20,000 per microliter or had a platelet count that was stable without need for blood transfusions. Preliminary data from a supportive study are consistent with the result of the main study, with 46% of patients responding to treatment after 12 weeks.

What are the risks associated with Revolade?

The most common side effects with Revolade in adults with chronic ITP and hepatitis C (seen in more than 1 patient in 10) are headache, anaemia (low red blood cell counts), decreased appetite, insomnia (difficulty sleeping), cough, nausea (feeling sick), diarrhoea, pruritus (itching), alopecia (hair loss), myalgia (muscle pain), pyrexia (fever), fatigue (tiredness), influenza (flu)-like illness, asthenia (weakness), chills and peripheral oedema (swelling, especially of the ankles and feet). In addition, in children with ITP the most common side effects also included colds, nasopharyngitis (inflammation of the nose and throat), rhinitis (inflammation of the lining of the nose), pain in the belly or in the mouth and throat, toothache, rash, runny nose and abnormal blood levels of certain liver enzymes (AST).

In adults with severe aplastic anaemia the most common side effects included headache, dizziness, insomnia, cough, dyspnoea (difficulty breathing), pain in the belly or in the mouth and throat, nausea, diarrhoea, joint pain, muscle spasms, pain in limbs, fatigue, fever, ecchymosis (discoloration of the skin resulting from bleeding underneath), abnormal blood levels of certain liver enzymes and runny nose.

In patients with thrombocytopenia and advanced chronic hepatitis C who are treated with a medicine called interferon and Revolade liver problems and thromboembolic complications (problems with clots in blood vessels) are the most important serious side effects. In these patients Revolade should only be used if clinically indicated and patients should then be closely monitored. Bleeding can also come back after the medicine is stopped.

For the full list of restrictions and side effects with Revolade, see the package leaflet.

Why has Revolade been approved?

The European Medicines Agency decided that Revolade’s benefits are greater than its risks and recommended that it be given marketing authorisation.

What measures are being taken to ensure the safe and effective use of Revolade?

Recommendations and precautions to be followed by healthcare professionals and patients for the safe and effective use of Revolade have been included in the summary of product characteristics and the package leaflet.

Other information about Revolade

The European Commission granted a marketing authorisation valid throughout the European Union for Revolade on 11 March 2010.

For more information about treatment with Revolade, read the package leaflet (also part of the EPAR) or contact your doctor or pharmacist.