通用中文 | 美法仑氟苯酰胺注射液 | 通用外文 | melphalan flufenamide |
品牌中文 | 美氟芬 | 品牌外文 | Pepaxto |
其他名称 | 马法兰 | ||
公司 | Oncopeptides AB(Oncopeptides AB) | 产地 | 美国(USA) |
含量 | 20mg | 包装 | 1支/盒 |
剂型给药 | 注射针剂 | 储存 | 2度-8度(冰箱冷藏,禁止冷冻) |
适用范围 | 治疗成人患有复发或难治性多发性骨髓瘤 |
通用中文 | 美法仑氟苯酰胺注射液 |
通用外文 | melphalan flufenamide |
品牌中文 | 美氟芬 |
品牌外文 | Pepaxto |
其他名称 | 马法兰 |
公司 | Oncopeptides AB(Oncopeptides AB) |
产地 | 美国(USA) |
含量 | 20mg |
包装 | 1支/盒 |
剂型给药 | 注射针剂 |
储存 | 2度-8度(冰箱冷藏,禁止冷冻) |
适用范围 | 治疗成人患有复发或难治性多发性骨髓瘤 |
生产企业】Oncopeptides Inc
【商品名】Pepaxto
【英文名】melphalan flufenamide,melflufen
【中文名】美法仑氟苯甲酰胺冻干粉注射剂
【中文别名】美法仑
【适应症】
PEPAXTO是一种烷基化药物,与地塞米松联合使用,可用于治疗已接受至少四项既往疗法且其疾病至少对一种蛋白酶体抑制剂,一种免疫调节剂和一种CD38定向单克隆抗体难治的复发或难治性多发性骨髓瘤的成年患者抗体。
该指示根据响应率在加速批准下得到批准。对于该适应症的持续批准可能取决于对临床获益的确证性试验的验证和描述。
使用限制:未标明PEPAXTO,不建议将其用作对照临床试验以外的移植条件疗法。
【剂量和给药】
PEPAXTO的推荐剂量是在每个28天治疗周期的第1天的30分钟内静脉注射40mg,并与地塞米松联用。
有关准备和管理的说明,请参阅“完整处方信息”。
【剂量形式和强度】
注射用:20mg美法仑氟苯酰胺为冻干粉单剂量小瓶,用于重组和稀释。
【禁忌症】
对美法仑氟苯酰胺或美法仑发生严重超敏反应的历史。
【警告和注意事项】
血小板减少症:在基线,治疗期间和临床指示时监测血小板计数。可能需要延迟剂量或减少剂量以恢复血小板。
中性粒细胞减少症:监测基线,治疗期间和临床指示的中性粒细胞计数。监测中性粒细胞减少症患者的感染迹象。可能需要延迟剂量或减少剂量才能允许中性粒细胞的恢复。
贫血:在基线,治疗期间和临床指示时监测红细胞计数。
感染:监测感染的体征/症状并及时治疗。
剂量高于推荐剂量的PEPAXTO导致死亡的风险增加:超过推荐剂量的PEPAXTO剂量可能与死亡率有关。
继发性恶性肿瘤:长期监测患者继发性恶性肿瘤的发展。
胚胎-胎儿毒性:可引起胎儿伤害。建议具有生殖风险的患者对胎儿和使用有效避孕有潜在风险。
【不良反应】
最常见的不良反应(>20%)是疲劳,恶心,腹泻,发热和呼吸道感染。
最常见的实验室异常(≥50%)是白细胞减少,血小板减少,淋巴细胞减少,中性粒细胞减少,血红蛋白减少和肌酐增加。
【在特定人群中的使用】
哺乳期:建议不要母乳喂养。
【包装规格】
PEPAXTO是白色至灰白色的冻干粉,用于复溶(复溶后溶液澄清,无色至浅黄色),装在50mL单剂量小瓶中,该小瓶中含20mg甲氧氟苯氟胺。每个20毫克的小瓶包装在一个纸箱中。
样品瓶塞不是用天然橡胶胶乳制造的。
【贮存】
冷藏时应存放在2°C至8°C(36°F至46°F)的环境中,并避光。 保留在原始纸箱中,直到使用。
【处理与处置】
PEPAXTO是一种有害药物。请遵循特殊的处理和处置程序。
所有已用于的材料:稀释和给药,包括在30分钟之前制成的任何复溶溶液,应按照危险药物的标准程序进行处理。
【作用机理】
美法仑氟苯酰胺是肽缀合的烷基化药物。由于其亲脂性,美法仑氟苯酰胺被被动地分布到细胞中,然后被酶水解为美法仑。与其他氮芥类药物相似,DNA的交联涉及美法仑氟苯酰胺的抗肿瘤活性。 在细胞测定中,美法仑氟苯酰胺抑制了造血和实体肿瘤细胞的增殖并诱导了其凋亡。此外,美法仑氟苯甲酰胺在耐美法仑和不耐药的多发性骨髓瘤细胞系中与地塞米松具有协同的细胞毒性作用。
注:药品如有新包装,以新包装为准。以上资讯仅供医护人员内部讨论,不作任何用药依据,具体用药指引,请咨询主治医师。
生产企业】Oncopeptides Inc
【商品名】Pepaxto
【英文名】melphalan flufenamide,melflufen
【中文名】美法仑氟苯甲酰胺冻干粉注射剂
【中文别名】美法仑
【适应症】
PEPAXTO是一种烷基化药物,与地塞米松联合使用,可用于治疗已接受至少四项既往疗法且其疾病至少对一种蛋白酶体抑制剂,一种免疫调节剂和一种CD38定向单克隆抗体难治的复发或难治性多发性骨髓瘤的成年患者抗体。
该指示根据响应率在加速批准下得到批准。对于该适应症的持续批准可能取决于对临床获益的确证性试验的验证和描述。
使用限制:未标明PEPAXTO,不建议将其用作对照临床试验以外的移植条件疗法。
【剂量和给药】
PEPAXTO的推荐剂量是在每个28天治疗周期的第1天的30分钟内静脉注射40mg,并与地塞米松联用。
有关准备和管理的说明,请参阅“完整处方信息”。
【剂量形式和强度】
注射用:20mg美法仑氟苯酰胺为冻干粉单剂量小瓶,用于重组和稀释。
【禁忌症】
对美法仑氟苯酰胺或美法仑发生严重超敏反应的历史。
【警告和注意事项】
血小板减少症:在基线,治疗期间和临床指示时监测血小板计数。可能需要延迟剂量或减少剂量以恢复血小板。
中性粒细胞减少症:监测基线,治疗期间和临床指示的中性粒细胞计数。监测中性粒细胞减少症患者的感染迹象。可能需要延迟剂量或减少剂量才能允许中性粒细胞的恢复。
贫血:在基线,治疗期间和临床指示时监测红细胞计数。
感染:监测感染的体征/症状并及时治疗。
剂量高于推荐剂量的PEPAXTO导致死亡的风险增加:超过推荐剂量的PEPAXTO剂量可能与死亡率有关。
继发性恶性肿瘤:长期监测患者继发性恶性肿瘤的发展。
胚胎-胎儿毒性:可引起胎儿伤害。建议具有生殖风险的患者对胎儿和使用有效避孕有潜在风险。
【不良反应】
最常见的不良反应(>20%)是疲劳,恶心,腹泻,发热和呼吸道感染。
最常见的实验室异常(≥50%)是白细胞减少,血小板减少,淋巴细胞减少,中性粒细胞减少,血红蛋白减少和肌酐增加。
【在特定人群中的使用】
哺乳期:建议不要母乳喂养。
【包装规格】
PEPAXTO是白色至灰白色的冻干粉,用于复溶(复溶后溶液澄清,无色至浅黄色),装在50mL单剂量小瓶中,该小瓶中含20mg甲氧氟苯氟胺。每个20毫克的小瓶包装在一个纸箱中。
样品瓶塞不是用天然橡胶胶乳制造的。
【贮存】
冷藏时应存放在2°C至8°C(36°F至46°F)的环境中,并避光。 保留在原始纸箱中,直到使用。
【处理与处置】
PEPAXTO是一种有害药物。请遵循特殊的处理和处置程序。
所有已用于的材料:稀释和给药,包括在30分钟之前制成的任何复溶溶液,应按照危险药物的标准程序进行处理。
【作用机理】
美法仑氟苯酰胺是肽缀合的烷基化药物。由于其亲脂性,美法仑氟苯酰胺被被动地分布到细胞中,然后被酶水解为美法仑。与其他氮芥类药物相似,DNA的交联涉及美法仑氟苯酰胺的抗肿瘤活性。 在细胞测定中,美法仑氟苯酰胺抑制了造血和实体肿瘤细胞的增殖并诱导了其凋亡。此外,美法仑氟苯甲酰胺在耐美法仑和不耐药的多发性骨髓瘤细胞系中与地塞米松具有协同的细胞毒性作用。
注:药品如有新包装,以新包装为准。以上资讯仅供医护人员内部讨论,不作任何用药依据,具体用药指引,请咨询主治医师。
HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION
These highlights do not include all the information needed to use PEPAXTO safely and effectively. See full prescribing information
for PEPAXTO.
PEPAXTO® (melphalan flufenamide) for injection, for intravenous use
Initial U.S. Approval: 2021
-----------------------------INDICATIONS AND USAGE---------------------------
PEPAXTO is an alkylating drug indicated in combination with dexamethasone, for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or
refractory multiple myeloma who have received at least four prior lines of therapy and whose disease is refractory to at least one proteasome inhibitor, one immunomodulatory agent, and one CD38-directed monoclonal antibody. (1)
This indication is approved under accelerated approval based on response rate. Continued approval for this indication may be contingent upon verification and description of clinical benefit in confirmatory trial(s). (1)
LimitationsofUse: PEPAXTO is not indicated and is not recommended for use as a conditioning regimen for transplant outside of controlled clinical trials. (1, 5.5)
------------------------DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION-----------------------
· Recommended dosage of PEPAXTO is 40 mg intravenously over
30 minutes on Day 1 of each 28-day treatment cycle, in combination with dexamethasone. (2.1)
· See Full Prescribing Information for instructions on preparation and administration. (2.4)
---------------------DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS----------------------
For injection: 20 mg melphalan flufenamide as a lyophilized powder in single-dose vial for reconstitution and dilution. (3)
-------------------------------CONTRAINDICATIONS-------------------------------
History of serious hypersensitivity reaction to melphalan flufenamide or melphalan. (4)
------------------------WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS-----------------------
· Thrombocytopenia: Monitor platelets counts at baseline, during treatment, and as clinically indicated. Dose delay or dose reduction may be required to allow recovery of platelets. (2.3, 5.1)
· Neutropenia: Monitor neutrophil counts at baseline, during treatment and as clinically indicated. Monitor patients with neutropenia for signs of infection. Dose delay or dose reduction may be required to allow recovery of neutrophils. (2.3, 5.2)
· Anemia: Monitor red blood cell counts at baseline, during treatment, and as clinically indicated. (5.3)
· Infections: Monitor for signs/symptoms of infection and treat promptly. (5.4)
· Increased Risk of Mortality with PEPAXTO at Dosages Higher than the Recommended Dosage: Dosages exceeding the recommended dose for PEPAXTO may be associated with mortality. (1, 5.5, 13.2)
· SecondaryMalignancies: Monitor patients long-term for the development of secondary malignancies. (5.6)
· Embryo-FetalToxicity: Can cause fetal harm. Advise patients of reproductive potential of the potential risk to a fetus and to use
effective contraception. (5.7, 8.1, 8.3)
-------------------------------ADVERSE REACTIONS------------------------------
Most common adverse reactions (> 20%) are fatigue, nausea, diarrhea, pyrexia and respiratory tract infection. (6.1)
Most common laboratory abnormalities (≥50%) are leukocytes decrease, platelets decrease, lymphocytes decrease, neutrophils decrease, hemoglobin decrease and creatinine increase. (6.1)
To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Oncopeptides Inc at 1-866-522-8894 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.
--------------------------USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS---------------------
Lactation: Advise not to breastfeed. (8.2)
See 17 for PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION and
FDA-approved patient labeling.
Revised: 2/2021
FULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION: CONTENTS*
1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE
2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
2.1 Recommended Dosage
2.2 Recommended Premedication and Concomitant Medication
2.3 Dosage Modification for Adverse Reactions
2.4 Preparation and Administration
3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
4 CONTRAINDICATIONS
5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
5.1 Thrombocytopenia
5.2 Neutropenia
5.3 Anemia
5.4 Infections
5.5 Increased Risk of Mortality with PEPAXTO at Dosages Higher than the Recommended Dosage
5.6 Secondary Malignancies
5.7 Embryo-Fetal Toxicity
6 ADVERSE REACTIONS
6.1 Clinical Trials Experience
8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS
8.1 Pregnancy
8.2 Lactation
8.3 Females and Males of Reproductive Potential
8.4 Pediatric Use
8.5 Geriatric Use
8.6 Renal Impairment
11 DESCRIPTION
12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
12.1 Mechanism of Action
12.2 Pharmacodynamics
12.3 Pharmacokinetics
13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY
13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
13.2 Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology
14 CLINICAL STUDIES
15 REFERENCES
16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING
17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION
* Sections or subsections omitted from the full prescribing information are not listed.
1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE
PEPAXTO is indicated in combination with dexamethasone for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma who have received at least four prior lines of therapy and whose disease is refractory to at least one proteasome inhibitor, one immunomodulatory agent, and one CD38-directed monoclonal antibody.
This indication is approved under accelerated approval based on response rate. Continued approval for this indication may be contingent upon verification and description of clinical benefit in confirmatory trial(s) [see Clinical Studies (14)].
LimitationsofUse
PEPAXTO is not indicated and is not recommended for use as a conditioning regimen for transplant outside of controlled clinical trials[see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)].
2.1 Recommended Dosage
The recommended dosage of PEPAXTO is 40 mg administered intravenously over 30 minutes on Day 1 of each 28-day cycle until disease progression or until unacceptable toxicity. Administer dexamethasone 40 mg orally or intravenously on Days 1, 8, 15 and 22 of each cycle. For patients 75 years of age or older, reduce the dose of dexamethasone to 20 mg.
Refer to the prescribing information for dexamethasone for additional dosing information[see Clinical Studies (14)].
2.2 Recommended Premedication and Concomitant Medications
Consider providing a serotonin-3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonist or other antiemetics prior to and during the treatment with PEPAXTO.
2.3 Dosage Modifications for Adverse Reactions
Withold PEPAXTO if the neutrophil count is less than 1 x 109/L or the platelet count is less than 50 x 109/L.
The recommended dose reductions and dosage modifications for adverse reactions for PEPAXTO are presented in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively.
Table 1: Recommended Dose Reductions for Adverse Reactions of PEPAXTO
Dose Reduction |
Dosage* |
First |
30 mg |
Second |
20 mg |
Subsequent |
Permanently discontinue PEPAXTO in patients who are unable to tolerate 20 mg. |
* Administered intravenously on Day 1 of each 28-day cycle. For dosage modifications, see Table 2.
Table 2: Recommended Dosage Modifications for Adverse Reactions of PEPAXTO |
||
Adverse Reaction |
Severity |
Dosage Modification |
Myelosuppression[see Warnings and Precautions (5.1, 5.2)] |
Platelet count less than 50 x 109/L on an intended PEPAXTO dosing day |
· Withhold PEPAXTO and monitor platelet count weekly until platelet count is 50 x 109/L or greater. · Resume PEPAXTO - at same dose if delay is 2 weeks or less. - at 1 dose level lower if delay is more than 2 weeks. |
Absolute neutrophil count less than 1 x 109/L on an intended PEPAXTO dosing day |
· Withhold PEPAXTO and monitor neutrophil count weekly until neutrophil count is 1 x 109/L or greater. · Resume PEPAXTO - at same dose if delay is 2 weeks or less. - at 1 dose level lower if delay is more than 2 weeks. |
Adverse Reaction |
Severity |
Dosage Modification |
|
Grade 4 hematological adverse reaction on an intended PEPAXTO dosing day in 2 consecutive cycles |
· Resume PEPAXTO at 1 dose level lower. |
Non-Hematologic Adverse Reaction [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)] |
Grade 2 |
· Consider withholding PEPAXTO until resolved to at least Grade 1 or baseline. · Consider resuming PEPAXTO at 1 dose level lower. |
Grade 3 or 4 |
· Withhold PEPAXTO until resolved to at least Grade 1 or baseline. · Resume PEPAXTO at 1 dose level lower as clinically appropriate. |
PEPAXTO is a hazardous drug. Follow applicable special handling and disposal procedures.1
Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit. Do not use if visibly opaque particles, discoloration or foreign particles are observed.
Reconstitute and dilute PEPAXTO prior to infusion.
Additionalagentsrequiredforpreparation:
· 5% Dextrose Injection, USP (room temperature)
· 250 mL bag of cold (2°C to 8°C / 36°F to 46°F) 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP (refrigerate for at least 4 hours)
PreparationSteps:
Read the complete instructions prior to starting preparation. Steps 3 to 5 must be completed within 30 minutes.
Reconstitution and dilution steps |
Step 1 Determine the dose, the total volume of reconstituted PEPAXTO solution required, and the number of PEPAXTO vials needed. More than one vial may be needed for a full dose. Place PEPAXTO vial(s) at room temperature for at least 30 minutes. |
Step 2 Shake the vial(s) vigorously or vortex to disintegrate the lyophilized PEPAXTO powder cake into a loose powder. |
Step 3 to 5 must be completed within 30 minutes |
Step 3 Aseptically reconstitute each vial with 40 mL of 5% Dextrose Injection, USP to obtain a final concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. Ensure the 5% Dextrose Injection, USP is room temperature (20°C to 25°C / 68°F to 77°F). Shake the vial(s) vigorously until solution is clear. Let the vial(s) stand to allow air bubbles to dissipate to confirm a clear solution. |
Step 4 Withdraw 80 mL from a refrigerated (2°C to 8°C / 36°F to 46°F) 250 mL infusion bag of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP. Discard the withdrawn 80 mL. |
Step 5 Withdraw the required volume of reconstituted solution from the PEPAXTO vial(s) and transfer into an intravenous bag containing 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP to obtain a final concentration of 0.1 mg/mL to 0.16 mg/mL. Discard any unused portion left in the vial(s). Gently invert the bag to mix the solution. Do not shake. Check that the PEPAXTO solution is clear and colorless to pale yellow. Do not use if solution discoloration or particles are observed. |
PEPAXTO degrades in solution, especially at room temperature, and the storage timelines for diluted solution should not be exceeded:
For immediate administration: |
Infusion of the diluted PEPAXTO solution must begin within 60 minutes of start of reconstitution (step 3). |
For delayed administration: |
If not used for immediate administration, the diluted PEPAXTO solution should be placed in a refrigerator (2°C to 8°C / 36°F to 46°F) within 30 minutes after initial reconstitution (step 3) and store for up to 6 hours. |
Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit. Do not use if visibly opaque particles, discoloration or foreign particles are observed.
Administration steps |
Step 6 Administer PEPAXTO as a 30-minute intravenous infusion via a central venous access device, for example mediport, PICC or tunneled central venous catheter. If the infusion bag has been stored in a refrigerator, allow to reach to room temperature (20°C to 25°C / 68°F to 77°F). Start infusion within 30 minutes of removing the diluted PEPAXTO solution from the refrigerator. |
Step 7 Administer PEPAXTO as an intravenous infusion via a central catheter over 30 minutes. |
Step 8 Upon completion of PEPAXTO infusion, flush the central catheter per individual institutional guidelines. |
For Injection: 20 mg melphalan flufenamide as a sterile lyophilized white to off-white powder in a single-dose vial for reconstitution and further dilution.
PEPAXTO is contraindicated in patients with a history of serious hypersensitivity reaction to melphalan flufenamide or melphalan [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].
5.1 Thrombocytopenia
Thrombocytopenia was reported in 99% of 157 patients who received PEPAXTO with dexamethasone. Grade 3 thrombocytopenia was reported in 26% and Grade 4 thrombocytopenia was reported in 54% of patients [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].Thrombocytopenia may lead to hemorrhage. Any Grade hemorrhage was reported in 28% of 157
patients. Grade 3 hemorrhage was reported in 3.2% and Grade 4 hemorrhage was reported in <1% of patients [see
Adverse Reactions (6.1)].
Grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia occurred in 43% of patients during the first cycle, with a median time to onset of 15 days from the first dose.
Monitor platelets at baseline, during treatment, and as clinically indicated. Monitor more frequently during the first two months of treatment with PEPAXTO. Do not administer PEPAXTO if the platelet count is less than 50 x 109/L. Withhold PEPAXTO until platelet count 50 x 109/L or greater and resume at same or reduced dose based on duration of interruption. Adjust dose and/or dose schedule based on signs and symptoms of bleeding [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)].
Neutropenia was reported in 95% of 157 patients who received PEPAXTO with dexamethasone. Grade 3 neutropenia was reported in 41% and Grade 4 neutropenia was reported in 40% of patients. Febrile neutropenia was reported in 6% of patients [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)]. Neutropenia may lead to infection.
Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia occurred in 50% during the first cycle, with a median time to onset of 15 days from the first dose.
Monitor neutrophil counts at baseline, during treatment, and as clinically indicated. Monitor more frequently during the first two months of treatment with PEPAXTO. Do not administer PEPAXTO if absolute neutrophil count less than 1 x 109/L. Withhold PEPAXTO until absolute neutrophil count is less 1 x 109/L or greater and resume at same or reduced dose based on duration of interruption [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)]. Consider leukocyte growth factor as clinically appropriate.
5.3 Anemia
Anemia was reported in 84% of 157 patients who received PEPAXTO with dexamethasone. Grade 3 anemia was reported in 50% of 157 patients [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].
Monitor red blood cell counts at baseline, during treatment, and as clinically indicated. Monitor more frequently during the first two months of treatment with PEPAXTO. Treat anemia as clinically indicated and as per standard guidelines. Dosage modification and dose delay of PEPAXTO may be required to allow for recovery of red blood cells.
5.4 Infections
Fatal infections were reported in <1% of 157 patients who received PEPAXTO with dexamethasone. Any Grade infection was reported in 58% of 157 patients who received PEPAXTO and dexamethasone. Grade 3 infections were reported in 20% and Grade 4 infection was reported in 1.9% of patients. Respiratory tract infection occurred in 24% (Grade ≥3 in 5%), pneumonia in 13% (Grade ≥3 in 11%), and sepsis in 3.8% (Grade ≥3 in 3.2%) of patients [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)]. Consider antimicrobials as clinically appropriate.
A nonclinical safety study in dogs with melphalan flufenamide at dosages exceeding the recommended dose for relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma was associated with mortality [see Nonclinical Toxicology (13.2)]. There is limited clinical experience of PEPAXTO at dosages higher than recommended. The safety and efficacy of PEPAXTO has not been established for use as a conditioning regimen in patients receiving transplant.
5.6 Secondary Malignancies
Secondary malignancies such as myelodysplastic syndromes or acute leukemia have occurred in patients with multiple myeloma who have received PEPAXTO. Monitor patients long-term for the development of secondary malignancies.
5.7 Embryo-Fetal Toxicity
Based on its mechanism of action, PEPAXTO can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman because it is genotoxic and targets actively dividing cells. Advise pregnant women of the potential risk to a fetus. Advise females of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with PEPAXTO and for 6 months after the last dose.
Advise males with female partners of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with
PEPAXTO and for 3 months after the last dose[see Use In Specific Populations (8.1, 8.3)].
The following clinically significant adverse reactions are described elsewhere in the labeling:
· Thrombocytopenia[see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].
· Neutropenia[see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].
· Anemia[see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].
· Infections[see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
RelapsedRefractoryMultipleMyeloma(RRMM)
The safety of PEPAXTO was evaluated in HORIZON [see Clinical Studies (14)]. Patients received PEPAXTO 40 mg intravenously on Day 1 of each 28-day cycle, in combination with dexamethasone 40 mg orally (or 20 mg for patients
75 years and older) on Days 1, 8, 15 and 22 of each cycle (N=157). Patients were enrolled if they had absolute neutrophil
count of 1 x 109/L or higher and platelet count of 75 x 109/L or greater. Among patients who received PEPAXTO, 29% were exposed for 6 months or longer and 6% were exposed for greater than one year.
Serious adverse reactions occurred in 49% of patients who received PEPAXTO. Serious adverse reactions in >3% of patients included pneumonia (10%), respiratory tract infection (6%), thrombocytopenia (5%), febrile neutropenia (5%) and sepsis (3.2%). Fatal adverse reactions occurred in 10 patients (6%) who received PEPAXTO, where general physical health deterioration (1.9%) and respiratory failure (1.3%) represented more than 1%.
Permanent discontinuation of PEPAXTO due to an adverse reaction occurred in 22% of patients. Adverse reactions which resulted in permanent discontinuation of PEPAXTO in >3% of patients included thrombocytopenia (11%).
Dosage interruptions of PEPAXTO due to an adverse reaction occurred in 62% of patients. The adverse reactions which resulted in dosage interruption of PEPAXTO in >3% of patients included thrombocytopenia (43%), neutropenia (29%), anemia (10%), respiratory tract infection (7%), leukopenia (6%) and pyrexia (4.5%).
Dose reductions of PEPAXTO due to an adverse reaction occurred in 27% of patients. Adverse reactions which resulted in dose reductions of PEPAXTO in >3% patients included thrombocytopenia (22%) and neutropenia (6%).
The most common adverse reactions (≥20%) were fatigue, nausea, diarrhea, pyrexia and respiratory tract infection. The most common laboratory abnormalities (≥50%) were leukocytes decreased, platelets decreased, lymphocytes decreased, neutrophils decreased, hemoglobin decreased and creatinine increased.
Table 3 summarizes the adverse reactions in HORIZON.
Table 3: Adverse reactions (≥10%) in Patients with RRMM Who Received PEPAXTO with Dexamethasone in HORIZON
Adverse Reaction |
PEPAXTO with Dexamethasone (N=157) |
|
All Grades (%) |
Grade 3 or 4 (%) |
|
General disorders and administration site disorders |
55 |
6 |
Fatigue1 |
||
Pyrexia2 |
24 |
1.9 |
Edema peripheral2 |
14 |
1.3 |
Gastrointestinal disorders |
32 |
0.6 |
Nausea2 |
||
Diarrhea |
27 |
0 |
Constipation2 |
15 |
0.6 |
Vomiting |
13 |
0 |
Infections |
24 |
5 |
Respiratory tract infection2,3 |
||
Pneumonia4 |
13 |
11 |
Adverse Reaction |
PEPAXTO with Dexamethasone (N=157) |
|
All Grades (%) |
Grade 3 or 4 (%) |
|
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders |
17 |
0 |
Cough2 |
||
Dyspnea2 |
11 |
1.3 |
Dyspnea exertional |
10 |
0 |
Metabolism and nutrition disorders |
14 |
0.6 |
Decreased appetite2 |
||
Hypokalemia2 |
14 |
1.3 |
Hypocalcemia2 |
10 |
0.6 |
Nervous system disorders |
13 |
0 |
Headache |
||
Dizziness |
11 |
0 |
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders |
13 |
1.9 |
Bone pain2 |
||
Pain in extremity2 |
13 |
1.9 |
Back pain2 |
12 |
0.6 |
Arthralgia |
10 |
0 |
Psychiatric disorders Insomnia2 |
11 |
0.6 |
1 Fatigue incudes fatigue and asthenia
2 No Grade 4 adverse reactions occurred
3 Respiratory tract infection includes upper respiratory tract infection, lower respiratory tract infection, respiratory tract infection and respiratory tract infection viral
4 Pneumonia includes pneumonia, pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and pneumonia viral
Clinically relevant adverse reactions in <10% of patients who received PEPAXTO in combination with dexamethasone (N=157) included:
Allergic conditions:hypersensitivity reaction (7%)
Blood and lymphatic system disorders:febrile neutropenia (6%)
Infections: sepsis (3.8%)
Hemorrhages: Grade 3 or 4 hemorrhages (3.8%)
Table 4 summarizes the laboratory abnormalities in HORIZON.
Table 4: Laboratory Abnormalities (≥50%) That Worsened from Baseline in Patients in HORIZON
Laboratory Abnormality |
PEPAXTO with Dexamethasone1 |
|
All Grades2 (%) |
Grade 3- 43 (%) |
|
Leukocytes decrease |
99 |
88 |
Platelets decrease |
99 |
80 |
Lymphocytes decrease |
97 |
95 |
Neutrophils decrease |
95 |
82 |
Hemoglobin decrease |
84 |
50 |
Creatinine increase |
68 |
14 |
1 Denominators for percentages are the number of patients with assessments at baseline and post-baseline (N=157 for all abnormalities)
2 Patients with any worsening grade
3 Patients with worsening to Grade 3 or 4, respectively
4 No Grade 4 laboratory abnormality occurred
8.1 Pregnancy
RiskSummary
Based on its mechanism of action[see Clinical Pharmacology (12.1)],PEPAXTO can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. There are no available data on PEPAXTO use in pregnant women to evaluate for a drug- associated risk. PEPAXTO is a genotoxic drug[see Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1)]. Advise pregnant women of the
potential risk to a fetus.
In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively.
Data
Animal Data
Animal reproductive or developmental toxicity studies were not conducted with PEPAXTO. Melphalan flufenamide is genotoxic and was toxic to actively dividing cells in animal studies and thus it has the potential to cause teratogenicity and embryo-fetal lethality.
RiskSummary
There is no data on the presence of melphalan flufenamide or its metabolites in human breast milk, or the effects on the breastfed child or on milk production. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in the breastfed child, advise women not to breastfeed during treatment with PEPAXTO and for 1 week after the last dose.
8.3 Females and Males of Reproductive Potential
PEPAXTO can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman[see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].
PregnancyTesting
Verify pregnancy status in females of reproductive potential prior to initiating PEPAXTO.
Contraception
Females
Advise females of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with PEPAXTO and for 6 months after the last dose.
Males
Based on genotoxicity findings, advise males with female partners of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with PEPAXTO and for 3 months after the last dose [see Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1)].
Infertility
Females
PEPAXTO can cause amenorrhea in premenopausal women and result in infertility.
Males
Based on findings of melphalan flufenamide in animals, PEPAXTO may impair male fertility [see Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1)]. Alkylating drugs, such as PEPAXTO, can also cause irreversible testicular suppression in patients.
The safety and effectiveness of PEPAXTO have not been established in pediatric patients.
Of the 157 patients with RRMM who received PEPAXTO, 50% were 65 years and older, while 16% were 75 years and older. No overall differences in safety were observed between these patients and younger patients. Clinical studies of PEPAXTO in patients with RRMM did not include sufficient numbers of patients 65 years of age and older to determine if
they respond differently from younger adult patients.
No dose adjustment of PEPAXTO is recommended in patients with creatinine clearance (CLcr) 45 to 89 mL/min calculated using Cockcroft-Gault equation [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. PEPAXTO has not been studied in patients with CLcr 15 to 44 mL/min.
Melphalan flufenamide is an alkylating drug. The chemical name is Ethyl (2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-[4-[bis(2- chloroethyl)amino]phenyl]propanoyl]amino]-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanoate hydrochloride and the molecular weight is 498.4 as free base and 534.9 as the hydrochloride salt. The structural formula is:
Cl
N
Cl
O H
N
H2N O
HCl O
F
Melphalan flufenamide hydrochloride is soluble in most organic solvents, while sparsely soluble in aqueous solutions. The pKa value is 7.13.
PEPAXTO for injection is supplied as a sterile, white to off-white lyophilized powder in a single-dose vial for intravenous use. Each vial contains 20 mg melphalan flufenamide (equivalent to 21.48 mg melphalan flufenamide hydrochloride) and 1,000 mg sucrose.
12.1 Mechanism of Action
Melphalan flufenamide is a peptide conjugated alkylating drug. Due to its lipophilicity, melphalan flufenamide is passively distributed into cells and thereafter enzymatically hydrolyzed to melphalan. Similar to other nitrogen mustard drugs, cross- linking of DNA is involved in the antitumor activity of melphalan flufenamide. In cellular assays, melphalan flufenamide inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis of hematopoietic and solid tumor cells. Additionally, melphalan flufenamide showed synergistic cytotoxicity with dexamethasone in melphalan resistant and non-resistant multiple myeloma cell lines.
The exposure-response relationship and time course of pharmacodynamic response for the safety and effectiveness of PEPAXTO have not been fully characterized.
CardiacElectrophysiology
The effect of PEPAXTO on QT interval has not been fully characterized.
12.3 Pharmacokinetics
Melphalan flufenamide peak plasma concentrations were reached during the 30-minute infusion. Peak plasma concentrations of the active metabolite melphalan were reached 4 to 15 minutes after the end of infusion of PEPAXTO
40 mg. Following PEPAXTO 40 mg, the mean (CV%) Cmax was 432 ng/mL (30%) and AUC0-INF was 3,143 µg/mLꞏhr (28%) for melphalan after a single dose. The mean (CV%) Cmax was 419 ng/mL (33%) and AUC0-INF was 2,933 µg/mLꞏhr (29%)
for melphalan at steady-state.
Distribution
In vivo the disappearance of melphalan flufenamide from plasma is rapid and is attributed to distribution to peripheral tissues with no late redistribution back to plasma.
The mean (CV%) volume of distribution was 35 L (71%) for melphalan flufenamide and 76 L (32%) for melphalan after a single dose.
Elimination
After the end of infusion of PEPAXTO 40 mg, the mean (CV%) elimination half-life of melphalan flufenamide is
2.1 minutes (34%). The mean (CV%) elimination half-life of melphalan is 70 minutes (21%). The mean (CV%) clearance of melphalan flufenamide and melphalan is 692 L/hr (49%) and 23 L/hr (23%), respectively, at the recommended dosage of PEPAXTO 40 mg.
Metabolism
Melphalan flufenamide is metabolized in tissues to desethyl-melphalan flufenamide and melphalan. Melphalan is metabolized primarily by spontaneous hydrolysis to monohydroxy-melphalan and dihydroxy-melphalan.
SpecificPopulations
Higher melphalan exposures were observed in patients with lower body surface area. No clinically meaningful differences in the PK of melphalan were observed based on age (35 to 85 years old), renal impairment (CLcr 45 to 89 mL/min) and mild hepatic impairment (total bilirubin ≤ ULN and AST > ULN, or total bilirubin 1 to 1.5 × ULN and any AST).
The effect of sex, race/ethnicity, moderate to severe hepatic impairment (total bilirubin >1.5 × ULN and any AST), and renal impairment (CLcr 15 to 44 mL/min) on melphalan flufenamide and melphalan PK is unknown.
13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY
13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
No carcinogenicity studies have been conducted with melphalan flufenamide.
PEPAXTO is genotoxic. In studies conducted in vitro, melphalan flufenamide caused irreversible DNA damage.
Repeat-dose toxicity studies with melphalan flufenamide in animals showed adverse effects on male reproductive organs. Melphalan flufenamide was administered intravenously to rats at 20, 40, or 55 mg/m2, and to dogs at 0.45 or 0.90 mg/kg (9 or 18 mg/m2) every 21 days for two or three doses. Decreased testes weights and depletion of germ cells were observed in both species, and epididymal oligospermia was observed in dogs. Adverse effects on male reproductive organs were observed in dogs at dose levels less than the recommended clinical dose of 40 mg. The reversibility of adverse effects on male reproductive organs was not assessed.
13.2 Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology
Dogs were intravenously administered a single dose of melphalan flufenamide (17.5 mg/kg) or an equimolar dose of melphalan; these dose levels were representative of dosages needed for myeloablation. Increased mortality was observed in dogs administered melphalan flufenamide despite similar melphalan exposure in animals administered melphalan flufenamide or melphalan.
The efficacy of PEPAXTO in combination with dexamethasone was evaluated in HORIZON [NCT02963493], a multicenter, single-arm trial. Eligible patients were required to have relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Patients received PEPAXTO 40 mg intravenously on Day 1 and dexamethasone 40 mg orally (20 mg for patients ≥75 years of age) on Day 1, 8, 15 and 22 of each 28-day cycle until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
A total of 157 patients accepting a central venous catheter and with estimated creatinine clearance by Cockcroft-Gaut formula ≥45 mL/min were enrolled. Patients with primary refractory disease (i.e. never responded with at least minimal response to any prior treatment) were excluded. Ninety seven patients had received four or more prior lines of therapies and were refractory to at least one proteasome inhibitor, at least one immunomodulatory agent and a CD38-directed monoclonal antibody. The median age was 65 years (range: 35 to 86 years); 58% were male, 87% were White and 6% were Black or African American. Disease characteristics in these 97 patients are summarized in Table 5.
The major efficacy outcome measure was overall response rate (ORR) and Duration of Response (DoR) assessed according to the International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG) Criteria by investigators. Efficacy results in the 97 patients are provided in Table 6. The median time to first response was 2.1 months (range: 1.0 to 6.1 months).
Parameter |
PEPAXTO with Dexamethasone (N=97) |
Years from diagnosis to start of PEPAXTO, median (range) |
6.4 (2.1 to 24.6) |
Prior treatment regimens, median (range) |
6 (4 to 12) |
Documented refractory status, (%) |
94 |
Lenalidomide |
|
Pomalidomide |
92 |
Bortezomib |
74 |
Carfilzomib |
63 |
Daratumumab |
93 |
Alkylator refractory, (%) |
75 |
Previous stem cell transplant, (%) |
70 |
International Staging System at Baseline, (%) |
30 |
I |
|
II |
32 |
III |
34 |
Missing/Unknown |
4 |
High-risk cytogenetics1, (%) |
33 |
Extramedullary disease (EMD), (%) |
41 |
1 del(17p), t(4;14),t(14;16), gain (1q) and t(14;20) at study entry
|
PEPAXTO with Dexamethasone (N=97) |
Overall response rate (ORR), n (%) (95% CI) |
23 (23.7) (15.7, 33.4) |
Stringent complete response (sCR) |
0 |
Complete Response (CR) |
0 |
Very good partial response (VGPR), n (%) |
9 (9.3) |
Partial response (PR), n (%) |
14 (14.4) |
Median duration of response in months (95% CI) |
4.2 (3.2, 7.6) |
15 REFERENCES
1. “OSHA Hazardous Drugs.” OSHA. http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/hazardousdrugs/index.html
HowSupplied
PEPAXTO is a white to off-white lyophilized powder for reconstitution (after reconstitution the solution is clear and colorless to light yellow) supplied in a 50 mL single dose vial containing 20 mg melphalan flufenamide. Each 20 mg vial is packaged in a single carton (NDC 73657-020-01).
The vial stopper is not manufactured with natural rubber latex. Storage
Store refrigerated at 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F) and protect from light. Retain in original carton until use.
HandlingandDisposal
PEPAXTO is a hazardous drug. Follow special handling and disposal procedures.1 All materials that have been utilized for dilution and administration, including any reconstituted solution made over 30 minutes prior, should be disposed of
according to standard procedures for hazardous drugs.
Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Patient Information). Thrombocytopenia,NeutropeniaandAnemia
· Advise patients that PEPAXTO can cause myelosuppression. Advise patients to immediately report signs or
symptoms of thrombocytopenia (bleeding and easy bruising), neutropenia (symptoms of infection, such as fever, chills, cough, pain, or burning during urination) and anemia (fatigue and shortness of breath) to their healthcare provider.
· Advise patients that complete blood counts will be monitored at baseline, during treatment, and as clinically indicated
[see Warnings and Precautions (5.1, 5.2, 5.3)].
Infections
Advise patients that PEPAXTO can cause infections. Instruct patients to immediately report new or worsening signs or symptoms (e.g., chills, fever) of infection to their healthcare provider [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].
SecondaryMalignancies
Advise patients on the risk of second primary malignancies[see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)].
Embryo-FetalToxicity
· Advise pregnant women and females of reproductive potential of the potential risk to a fetus. Advise females of reproductive potential to inform their healthcare provider of a known or suspected pregnancy[see Warnings and Precautions (5.7) and Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].
· Advise females of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with PEPAXTO and 6 months after the last dose[see Use in Specific Populations (8.3)].
· Advise males with female partners of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with PEPAXTO and for 3 months after the last dose [see Use in Specific Populations (8.3)].
Lactation
Advise women not to breastfeed during treatment with PEPAXTO and for 1 week after the last dose[see Use in Specific Populations (8.2)].
Manufactured for: Oncopeptides AB (publ), Stockholm, Sweden.
Distributed by: Oncopeptides Inc. 200 Fifth Avenue, Suite #1030 Waltham, MA 02451, USA PEPAXTO is a registered trademark of Oncopeptides AB (publ)
PATIENT INFORMATION PEPAXTO (peh-PAX-toe) (melphalan flufenamide) for injection, for intravenous use |
What is PEPAXTO? PEPAXTO is a prescription medicine used in combination with the medicine dexamethasone to treat adults with multiple myeloma who did not respond to or stopped responding to at least four prior medicines including at least one proteasome inhibitor, one immunomodulatory agent and one CD38-directed antibody. PEPTAXTO is not for use to prepare for transplant. It is not known if PEPAXTO is safe and effective in children. |
Do not receive PEPAXTO if you have a history of a severe allergic reaction to melphalan flufenamide or melphalan. |
Before receiving PEPAXTO, tell your healthcare provider about all of your medical conditions, including if you: • have an infection • are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. PEPAXTO may harm your unborn baby. Females who are able to become pregnant: o Your healthcare provider will check to see if you are pregnant before you start treatment with PEPAXTO. o You should use an effective method of birth control (contraception) during treatment and for 6 months after the last dose of PEPAXTO. o Tell your healthcare provider right away if you become pregnant or think you may be pregnant during treatment with PEPAXTO. Males with female partners who are able to become pregnant: o You should use an effective method of birth control (contraception) during treatment and for 3 months after the last dose of PEPAXTO. o Talk to your healthcare provider about effective methods of birth control that you can use during this time. • are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. It is not known if PEPAXTO passes into breast milk. Do not breastfeed during treatment with and for 1 week after the last dose of PEPAXTO.
Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. |
How will I receive PEPAXTO? • PEPAXTO is given to you by your healthcare provider into your vein through intravenous (IV) infusion over 30 minutes. • PEPAXTO is usually given 1 time every 28 days. • Your healthcare provider will decide how many treatments you need. • Your healthcare provider will do blood tests before and during your treatment with PEPAXTO to check for side effects. • Your healthcare provider may prescribe medicines to help prevent nausea before your infusion and during treatment with PEPAXTO. |
What are the possible side effects of PEPAXTO? PEPAXTO may cause serious side effects, including: • Low blood cell counts are common with PEPAXTO and can be serious. Your healthcare provider will do blood tests as needed to check your blood cell counts during your treatment with PEPAXTO. o Low platelet counts: Tell your healthcare provider right away if you have a bleeding or bruising under the skin. o Low red blood cell counts: Tell your healthcare provider if you are feeling weak, tired or you get tired easily, you look pale, or if you feel short of breath. o Low white blood cell counts: A low white blood cell count increases the risk of infections. • Infections. PEPAXTO can cause infections that have led to death. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you develop new or worsening signs or symptoms of infection such as fever, chills, cough, pain, or burning during urination during treatment with PEPAXTO. |
• Secondary cancers. New cancers such as myelodysplastic syndromes or acute leukemia have happened in people with multiple myeloma who have received PEPAXTO. Your healthcare provider will monitor you for new cancers. Your healthcare provider may change your dose of PEPAXTO, stop your treatment for a period of time, or completely stop your treatment if you have certain side effects. PEPAXTO may cause fertility problems in males and females, which may affect your ability to have children. Talk with your healthcare provider if you have concerns about fertility. The most common side effects of PEPAXTO include, low blood cell counts, fatigue, nausea, diarrhea, fever, and cold-like symptoms (respiratory tract infection). These are not all of the possible side effects of PEPAXTO. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. |
General information about the safe and effective use of PEPAXTO. Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Patient Information leaflet. You can ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist for information about PEPAXTO that is written for health professionals. |
What are the ingredients in PEPAXTO? Active ingredient: melphalan flufenamide Inactive ingredient: sucrose Manufactured for Oncopeptides AB (publ), Stockholm, Sweden. Marketed and distributed by Oncopeptides Inc., 200 Fifth Avenue, Suite #1030 Waltham, MA 02451, USA. PEPAXTO is a registered trademark of Oncopeptides AB (publ). For more information, go to www.PEPAXTO.com or call 1-866-522-8894. |
This Patient Information has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Issued: 02/2021